Towards real-time active imaging of greenhouse gases using tunable mid-infrared all-fiber lasers.

We report a tunable all-fiber laser emitting a maximum output power of 2.55 W around 3240 nm. The fiber laser cavity based on a fluoride fiber doped with dysprosium ions yields an efficiency of 42% according to the in-band launched pump power at 2825 nm.

Carbon uptake in Eurasian boreal forests dominates the high-latitude net ecosystem carbon budget.

Arctic-boreal landscapes are experiencing profound warming, along with changes in ecosystem moisture status and disturbance from fire. This region is of global importance in terms of carbon feedbacks to climate, yet the sign (sink or source) and magnitude of the Arctic-boreal carbon budget within recent years remains highly uncertain. Here, we provide new estimates of recent (2003-2015) vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R ), net ecosystem CO exchange (NEE; R  - GPP), and terrestrial methane (CH ) emissions for the Arctic-boreal zone using a satellite data-driven process-model for northern ecosystems (TCFM-Arctic), calibrated and evaluated using measurements from >60 tower eddy covariance (EC) sites.

Propensity Matched Analysis of del Nido Cardioplegia in Adult Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Initial Experience With 100 Consecutive Patients.

Background: Del Nido cardioplegia (DC) offers prolonged cardiac protection with single-dose administration and has had a long safety record in pediatric cardiac surgery. However, its application in the adult population has thus far been limited. We evaluated the efficacy of cardiac protection and clinical outcomes of DC vs blood cardioplegia (BC) in adult coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients.

Inhaled technosphere insulin: a novel delivery system and formulation for the treatment of types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.

Complications from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus were reduced significantly with the introduction of insulin more than 90 years ago. Despite the proven benefits of normal glycemic levels, patients are deterred by the inconvenience and perceived pain related to multiple daily subcutaneous insulin injections. Inhaled insulin was first approved by the U.

Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in self-motivated patients: optimized diet, exercise, and medication for weight loss and cardiometabolic fitness.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health problem with significant lifetime health care costs. The majority of Americans do not achieve minimal targets for exercise, and individuals with T2DM typically engage in less exercise than the general adult population. However, those patients with T2DM who are sufficiently self-motivated to manage their condition have the potential to reverse diabetes and prevent its complications through behavioral and pharmacologic interventions.

Life-history plasticity and sustainable exploitation: a theory of growth compensation applied to walleye management.

A simple population model was developed to evaluate the role of plastic and evolutionary life-history changes on sustainable exploitation rates. Plastic changes are embodied in density-dependent compensatory adjustments to somatic growth rate and larval/juvenile survival, which can compensate for the reductions in reproductive lifetime and mean population fecundity that accompany the higher adult mortality imposed by exploitation. Evolutionary changes are embodied in the selective pressures that higher adult mortality imposes on age at maturity, length at maturity, and reproductive investment.

Physiologic and weight-focused treatment strategies for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus: the metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and insulin (MGI) approach.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising in association with an increase in obesity rates. Current treatment options for patients with T2DM include lifestyle modifications and numerous antidiabetic medications. Despite the availability of effective and well-tolerated treatments, many patients do not achieve recommended glycemic targets.

Healthcare professional and patient assessment of a new prefilled insulin pen versus two widely available prefilled insulin pens for ease of use, teaching and learning.

Objective: FlexTouch * (FT) is a new prefilled insulin pen with no push-button extension at any set dose and a low activation force that is designed to improve ease of use and insulin administration. This paper reports the results of two usability studies assessing perceptions of FT compared with KwikPen † (KP)and SoloStar ‡ (SS) among healthcare professionals (HCPs; both physicians and nurses) and people with diabetes (both insulin pen-experienced and insulin pen-naïve).

Research Design And Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to start with FT or KP in one study and FT or SS in the other.

Ease of use and preference of a new versus widely available prefilled insulin pen assessed by people with diabetes, physicians and nurses.

Objective: FlexTouch® (FT; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) is a new prefilled insulin pen that has no push-button extension and low injection force. This multi-centre, crossover usability study evaluated the perceptions of, and preference for, FT versus another widely used prefilled pen, SoloStar® (SS; Sanofi, Paris, France), by people with diabetes and healthcare professionals.

Research Design And Methods: Following instruction, participants performed injections into a foam cushion, randomly alternating between doses of 20, 40 and 80 international units (IU).

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lateral oropharyngeal wall.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck is a rare and aggressive tumor, with fewer than 100 cases reported in the world literature to date. We report a case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the oral pharynx arising as a second primary malignancy in a patient being treated for primary gastric MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma. We also review the literature to assess current treatment and long-term prognosis of this rare tumor.

Partnering with patients to improve therapeutic outcomes: incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions. Current treatment options for patients with diabetes include lifestyle modifications (eg, diet and exercise) along with pharmacotherapy (eg, oral antidiabetic drugs [OADs], incretin-based therapies, and insulin). Despite the availability of effective and safe treatments, many patients do not achieve recommended glycemic targets, thereby increasing their risk of long-term complications.

Informed consent in pediatric surgery: Do parents understand the risks?

Objective: To investigate parent understanding of the risks of pediatric ear, nose, and throat surgery after counseling with and without the use of informational aids.

Design: Prospective, randomized trial.

Setting: Academic tertiary care center.

Effects of adiposity and 30 days of caloric restriction upon protein metabolism in moderately vs. severely obese women.

Protein metabolism adapts during caloric restriction (CR) to minimize protein loss, and it is unclear whether greater fat stores favorably affect this response. We sought to determine whether protein metabolism is related to degree of obesity and whether the response to CR is impacted by pre-CR adiposity level. Whole body protein metabolism was studied in 12 obese women over a wide range of BMI (30-53 kg/m(2)) as inpatients using [1-(13)C]leucine as a tracer following 5 days of a weight-maintaining diet and then after 30 days of CR (1,400 kcal deficit with maintained protein intake).

Defining the role of incretin mimetic therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus affects 21 million Americans; an additional 41 million individuals in this country have impaired glucose tolerance. These individuals are at high risk for developing not only diabetes, but eventually dying from the cardiovascular complications associated with chronic exposure to hyperglycemia. Not only do patients with diabetes carry a 1.

Anatomy of the thyroarytenoid branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Objective: To determine the position and anatomic variability of the thyroarytenoid (TA) branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).

Methods: The RLN on 13 human cadaver specimens (24 sides) was dissected to the termination of the TA branch in the TA muscle. A pin was placed at the inferior aspect of the thyroid cartilage at the inferior tubercle.

Fascicle preservation surgery for facial nerve neuromas involving the posterior cranial fossa.

Objective: To assess facial nerve function after fascicle preservation surgery in cases of facial nerve neuroma involving the cerebellopontine angle.

Study Design: Retrospective case series and literature review.

Setting: Tertiary referral center.

Comparison of insulin aspart with buffered regular insulin and insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomized study in type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of insulin aspart (IAsp), buffered regular insulin (BR), and insulin lispro administered by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: After completing a 4-week run-in period with BR, 146 adult patients with type 1 diabetes (with pretrial CSII experience) were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to CSII treatment with IAsp, BR, or lispro for 16 weeks in a multicenter, open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Bolus insulin doses were administered 30 min before meals (BR) or immediately before meals (IAsp or lispro).