The role of artificial intelligence in macular hole management: A scoping review.

We focus on the utility of artificial intelligence (AI) in the management of macular hole (MH). We synthesize 25 studies, comprehensively reporting on each AI model's development strategy, validation, tasks, performance, strengths, and limitations. All models analyzed ophthalmic images, and 5 (20 %) also analyzed clinical features.

Democratizing Vitreoretinal Surgery Training With a Portable and Affordable Virtual Reality Simulator in the Metaverse.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate RetinaVR, an affordable, portable, and fully immersive virtual reality (VR) simulator for vitreoretinal surgery training.

Methods: We built RetinaVR as a standalone app on the Meta Quest 2 VR headset. It simulates core vitrectomy, peripheral shaving, membrane peeling, and endolaser application.

Automated Machine Learning versus Expert-Designed Models in Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Detection and Lesion Localization Using Fundus Images.

Purpose: Automated machine learning (AutoML) allows clinicians without coding experience to build their own deep learning (DL) models. This study assesses the performance of AutoML in detecting and localizing ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) lesions in fundus images and compares it to expert-designed models.

Methods: Ophthalmology trainees without coding experience designed AutoML models using 304 labelled fundus images.

Assessing the medical reasoning skills of GPT-4 in complex ophthalmology cases.

Background/aims: This study assesses the proficiency of Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-4 in answering questions about complex clinical ophthalmology cases.

Methods: We tested GPT-4 on 422 Ophthalmology Clinical Challenges, and prompted the model to determine the diagnosis (open-ended question) and identify the next-step (multiple-choice question). We generated responses using two zero-shot prompting strategies, including zero-shot plan-and-solve+ (PS+), to improve the reasoning of the model.

Long-term outcomes of iris-sutured subluxated intraocular lenses.

Purpose: This study evaluated the long-term outcomes of managing posterior chamber intra-ocular lens (IOL) (PCIOL) subluxation through pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with IOL iris suturing.

Settings And Design: Retrospective chart review.

Methods: Patients who underwent PPV with iris-sutured IOL (IS-IOL) for IOL subluxation between January 2008 and April 2021 at a tertiary center with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up were included.

The role of optical coherence tomography angiography in dome-shaped maculopathy.

Purpose: To demonstrate the role of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) in the management of dome-shaped maculopathy (DSM).

Methods: Retrospective case review.

Results: A 52-year-old woman was referred to our retina service for potential bilateral choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) and blurry vision bilaterally.

Development and deployment of a smartphone application for diagnosing trachoma: Leveraging code-free deep learning and edge artificial intelligence.

Purpose: Automated machine learning (AutoML) allows clinicians without coding experience to build their own deep learning (DL) models. This study assesses the performance of AutoML in diagnosing trachoma from field-collected conjunctival images and compares it to expert-designed DL models.

Methods: Two ophthalmology trainees without coding experience carried out AutoML model design using a publicly available image data set of field-collected conjunctival images (1656 labeled images).

Capabilities of GPT-4 in ophthalmology: an analysis of model entropy and progress towards human-level medical question answering.

Background: Evidence on the performance of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), a large language model (LLM), in the ophthalmology question-answering domain is needed.

Methods: We tested GPT-4 on two 260-question multiple choice question sets from the Basic and Clinical Science Course (BCSC) Self-Assessment Program and the OphthoQuestions question banks. We compared the accuracy of GPT-4 models with varying temperatures (creativity setting) and evaluated their responses in a subset of questions.

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy in Migraines with Aura.

Paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) has recently been described following episodes of migraine. In this report, we present a case of PAMM and describe the role of en face optical coherence tomography (OCT). A 75-year-old woman presented with subjective vision loss over a 2-week period in the right eye.

Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in Ophthalmology: An Analysis of Its Successes and Shortcomings.

Purpose: Foundation models are a novel type of artificial intelligence algorithms, in which models are pretrained at scale on unannotated data and fine-tuned for a myriad of downstream tasks, such as generating text. This study assessed the accuracy of ChatGPT, a large language model (LLM), in the ophthalmology question-answering space.

Design: Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.

Review of clinical trials addressing the Boston Keratoprosthesis.

Objective: The Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) has gained recognition as an alternative for patients with severe corneal disease and a poor probability of success with traditional penetrating keratoplasty. This review summarizes the knowledge clinical trials have brought to KPro and discusses ongoing trials.

Design: Systematic review.

Acute retinal ischaemia associated with paracentral acute middle maculopathy detected on multimodal imaging: a premonitory sign of severe carotid occlusive disease.

A man in his 60s presented with a subacute paracentral scotoma and preserved visual acuity in the left eye. He was found to have a very subtle area of deep retinal whitening at the macula and multiple retinal cholesterol emboli. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) with En face imaging revealed globular paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM).

COVID-19 and the Rationale for Primary Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty and Diode Laser Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation in Africa.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has affected ophthalmologists' practices worldwide. Consequent global drug shortages and the limitations of medical glaucoma treatments in sub-Saharan Africa have highlighted the need for innovation in global ophthalmology to provide accessible, affordable, and effective glaucoma care. The role of lasers rather than medications for glaucoma patients in developing nations is emerging.

Revisiting the Utility of Dilated Fundus Exams in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Receiving Regular Intravitreal Injections.

Patients receiving regular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) routinely undergo dilated fundus examination (DFE) at each visit. In this paper, we review the current evidence on the utility of DFE in guiding treatment of established patients with nAMD and discuss novel treatment algorithms that defer DFE assessments with the advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT). We also debate on the value of DFE in the current sanitary context of COVID-19 and highlight important clinical scenarios where it must be performed.

Staged management of cardiac disease and concomitant early lung cancer: a 20-year single-center experience.

Objectives: The association of unstable heart disease and resectable lung cancer is rare. The impacts of staged management, cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) versus angioplasty, on long-term survival and cancer recurrence remain debated. We report our experience using staged management.

Systematic review of rigid and flexible esophagoscopy for pediatric esophageal foreign bodies.

Background: Esophageal foreign body (EFB) is a common presentation in pediatric hospitals. Rigid and flexible esophagoscopy are both primary modalities used for EFB removal. By systematically reviewing the literature, we sought to assess success and complication rates of both rigid and flexible esophagoscopy in pediatric EFB retrieval.

Vitreoretinal Surgery in the Post-Lockdown Era: Making the Case for Combined Phacovitrectomy.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly limited the capacity of healthcare systems to provide elective services like cataract surgery. Cataract formation is a frequent complication after pars plana vitrectomy. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of combined phacovitrectomy as opposed to sequential surgery in the post-pandemic era.