Zonal integration of circular Hartmann and Placido patterns with non-rotationally symmetric aberrations.

Placido disk methods for corneal topography use a target with concentric rings in order to obtain measurements of the corneal surface, codifying the topography from the deformations of the rings' image. Knowing exactly how the corneal surface departs from a rotational symmetric shape is difficult by using Placido rings. This is due to the fact that any ray deviations in the angular direction (sagittal transverse aberrations) are not easily detected and measured.

Influence of Angle and Higher-Order Aberrations on Visual Quality Employing Two Diffractive Trifocal IOLs.

Prospective, randomized, comparative, and controlled study to estimate the association between angle distance and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) with postoperative visual acuity after presbyopia-correcting IOL implantation. Forty-three eyes from 43 patients were included and randomly assigned in two groups for either AT LISA tri 839MP or Acrysof IQ PanOptix IOL implantation. The OPD-Scan III analyzer was utilized to assess the angle distance and higher-order aberration (HOAs).

Zonal processing of Hartmann or Shack-Hartmann patterns.

Instead of measuring the wavefront deformations, Hartmann and Shack-Hartmann tests, we measure the wavefront slopes, which are equivalent to the ray transverse aberrations. Numerous different integration methods have been described in the literature to obtain the wavefront deformations from these measurements. Basically, they can be classified in two different categories, i.

Transversal aberrations at arbitrary Hartmann-plane distances: application in the least-squares fitting of Hartmann data.

In a previous work, we introduced the concept of transversal aberrations {U,V} calculated at arbitrary Hartmann-plane distances z=r [Appl. Opt.55, 2160 (2016)APOPAI1559-128X10.

Least-squares fitting of Hartmann or Shack-Hartmann data with a circular array of sampling points.

A least-squares procedure to find the tilts, curvature, astigmatism, coma, and triangular astigmatism by means of measurements of the transverse aberrations using a Hartmann or Shack-Hartmann test is described. The sampling points are distributed in a ring centered on the pupil of the optical system. The properties and characteristics of rings with three, four, five, six, or more sampling points are analyzed with more detail and better mathematical analysis than in previous publications.

What is a Hartmann test?

In this paper we will review some of the many different practical arrangements that have been obtained to measure the transversal aberrations of optical systems based on the odd and vulnerable Hartmann test. There are many optical testing configurations that apparently are not related to the original Hartmann test. However, they are really the same thing and can be considered just a variation of the same basic arrangement, as will be described here.

Modal processing of Hartmann and Shack-Hartmann patterns by means of a least squares fitting of the transverse aberrations.

Instead of measuring the wavefront deformations, Hartmann and Shack-Hartmann tests measure wavefront slopes, which are equivalent to ray transverse aberrations. Numerous integration methods have been described in the literature to obtain the wavefront deformations from these measurements. Basically, they can be classified in two different categories, i.

Modal integration of Hartmann and Shack-Hartmann patterns.

Instead of measuring the wavefront deformations directly, Hartmann and Shack-Hartmann tests measure the wavefront slopes, which are equivalent to the ray transverse aberrations. Numerous different integration methods have been described in the literature to obtain the wavefront deformations from these measurements. Basically, they can be classified in two different categories, i.

Hartmann tests to measure the spherical and cylindrical curvatures and the axis orientation of astigmatic lenses or optical surfaces.

The measurement of astigmatic lenses, optical surfaces or wavefronts are a highly studied problem and many different instruments have been commercially fabricated to perform this task. Many of them use a Hartmann arrangement to obtain the result. In this paper, we analyze with detail the algorithms that can be used to make the necessary calculations and propose several alternatives with different advantages and disadvantages.

Explicit representations of all refractive optical interfaces without spherical aberration.

The following explicit model, valid for high aperture refraction with homogenous and isotropic materials, encompasses all explicit solutions of the first-order nonlinear differential equation representing the perfect image-forming process of any axial object point into its axial image point. Solutions include well-known cases, such as flats, spheres, prolate ellipsoids, prolate hyperboloids, and other sections of nondegenerate Cartesian ovals of revolution, now classified according to the recurrent explicit solution introduced herein. We also present some series expansions, given in cylindrical coordinates z(r), for more efficient computation.

Automated segmentation of retinal pigment epithelium cells in fluorescence adaptive optics images.

Adaptive optics (AO) imaging methods allow the histological characteristics of retinal cell mosaics, such as photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, to be studied in vivo. The high-resolution images obtained with ophthalmic AO imaging devices are rich with information that is difficult and/or tedious to quantify using manual methods. Thus, robust, automated analysis tools that can provide reproducible quantitative information about the cellular mosaics under examination are required.

Methodology for third-order astigmatism compensation in off-axis spherical reflective systems.

The main constraint of classical off-axis reflecting systems is the primary astigmatism that has long been a research topic of interest. This astigmatism in off-axis spherical reflective imaging systems can be eliminated by using the proper configuration. These configurations could be derived from the marginal ray fans equation, and they are valid for small angles of incidence.

Geometric theory of wavefront aberrations in an off-axis spherical mirror.

We present, analyze, and evaluate expressions for the wavefront aberrations in an off-axis spherical mirror. These formulas are derived from the optical path difference between an ellipsoid and a sphere, assuming a relatively small pupil and a small angle of incidence, as will be described in detail. Some well-known and also some useful new aberration expressions are obtained.

First-order design of off-axis reflective ophthalmic adaptive optics systems using afocal telescopes.

Expressions for minimal astigmatism in image and pupil planes in off-axis afocal reflective telescopes formed by pairs of spherical mirrors are presented. These formulae which are derived from the marginal ray fan equation can be used for designing laser cavities, spectrographs and adaptive optics retinal imaging systems. The use, range and validity of these formulae are limited by spherical aberration and coma for small and large angles respectively.

Polynomial shape of an inclined ellipsoid with rotational symmetry about its major axis.

We present the approximate polynomial expression for an ellipsoid with rotational symmetry about its major axis, which is on the y-z plane and at angle theta with respect to the z axis. These expressions have many possible useful applications in optics as shown. The main optical properties of these types of inclined ellipsoidal surface will be reviewed.

Wave-front retrieval from Hartmann test data.

In the classical Hartmann test the wave front is obtained by integration of the transverse aberrations, joining the sampled points by small straight segments, in the so-called Newton integration. This integration is performed along straight lines joining the holes on the Hartmann screen. We propose a modification of this procedure, considering the cells of four holes of the Hartmann screen to fit a small second-power wave front recovering each square.