Re-Evaluation of Vascular Histogenesis in the Root Tips of Selected Species in the Poaceae Using New Methods: Analysis of the Plerome, Vascular Initials, Pericycle and Late-Maturing Metaxylem Vessels.

Serial sectioning and 3D image reconstruction methods were applied to elucidate the structures of the apices of root vascular cylinders (VCs) in taxa of the Poaceae: "Honey Bantam", ssp. , and . The primary and nodal roots were investigated.

Improved image processing for 3D virtual object construction from serial sections reveals tissue patterns in root tips of .

Premise: Previously we described methods for generating three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstructions of plant tissues from transverse thin sections. Here, we report the applicability of longitudinal sections and improved image-processing steps that are simpler to perform and utilize free applications.

Methods: In order to obtain improved digital images and a virtual 3D object (cuboid), GIMP 2.

Algae to angiosperms: Autofluorescence for rapid visualization of plant anatomy among diverse taxa.

Premise: Fluorescence microscopy is an effective tool for viewing plant internal anatomy. However, using fluorescent antibodies or labels hinders throughput. We present a minimal protocol that takes advantage of inherent autofluorescence and aldehyde-induced fluorescence in plant cellular and subcellular structures to markedly increase throughput in cellular and ultrastructural visualization.

Three-dimensional digital image construction of metaxylem vessels in root tips of subsp. from thin transverse sections.

Premise: Young plant roots share a common architecture: a central vascular cylinder surrounded by enveloping cylinders of ground and dermal tissue produced by an apical promeristem. Roots with closed apical organization can be studied to explore how ontogeny is managed. The analysis of transverse and longitudinal sections has been the most useful approach for this, but suffers from limitations.

Evaluation of Metaxylem Vessel Histogenesis and the Occurrence of Vessel Collapse during Early Development in Primary Roots of ssp. : A Result of Premature Programmed Cell Death?

Root apical meristem histological organization in has been carefully studied previously. Classical histology describes its system as having a "closed organization" and a development of xylem that conforms to predictable rules. Among the first cell types to begin differentiation are late-maturing metaxylem (LMX) vessels.

Immunoprofiling of Cell Wall Carbohydrate Modifications During Flooding-Induced Aerenchyma Formation in Fabaceae Roots.

Understanding plant adaptation mechanisms to prolonged water immersion provides options for genetic modification of existing crops to create cultivars more tolerant of periodic flooding. An important advancement in understanding flooding adaptation would be to elucidate mechanisms, such as aerenchyma air-space formation induced by hypoxic conditions, consistent with prolonged immersion. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation occurs through programmed cell death (PCD), which may entail the chemical modification of polysaccharides in root tissue cell walls.

Comparison of Promeristem Structure and Ontogeny of Procambium in Primary Roots of ssp. and 'Honey Bantam' with Emphasis on Metaxylem Vessel Histogenesis.

Classical histology describes the histological organization in as having a "closed organization" that differs from with the development of xylem conforming to predictable rules. We speculated that root apical meristem organization in a wild subspecies of (a teosinte) would differ from a domestic sweetcorn cultivar ('Honey Bantam'). Careful comparison could contribute to understanding how evolutionary processes and the domestication of maize have affected root development.

Granular bodies in root primary meristem cells of Zea mays L. var. Cuscoensis K. (Poaceae) that enter young vacuoles by invagination: a novel ribophagy mechanism.

Because it has a very large, very rapidly growing primary root, we evaluated giant maize (Zea mays var. Cuscoensis) as a model organism for root research. Granular inclusions are a common feature of cells in many organisms, but they are not common in root meristems.

Hypoxic stress triggers a programmed cell death pathway to induce vascular cavity formation in Pisum sativum roots.

Flooding at warm temperatures induces hypoxic stress in Pisum sativum seedling roots. In response, some undifferentiated cells in the primary root vascular cylinder start degenerating and form a longitudinal vascular cavity. Changes in cellular morphology and cell wall ultrastructure detected previously in the late stages of cavity formation suggest possible involvement of programmed cell death (PCD).

Changes in cell wall ultrastructure induced by sudden flooding at 25{degrees}C in Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) primary roots.

Cellular degeneration is essential for many developmental and stress acclimation processes. Undifferentiated parenchymatous cells in the central vascular cylinder of pea primary roots degenerate under hypoxic conditions created by flooding at temperatures >15°C, forming a long vascular cavity that seems to provide a conduit for longitudinal oxygen transport in the roots. We show that specific changes in the cell wall ultrastructure accompanied previously detected cytoplasmic and organellar degradation in the cavity-forming roots.

Apoptosis-like programmed cell death occurs in procambium and ground meristem of pea (Pisum sativum) root tips exposed to sudden flooding.

Background And Aims: Pea (Pisum sativum) primary roots form long vascular cavities when grown under wet or flooded conditions at 25 degrees C. It is thought that the cavities are a form of aerenchyma. At 25 degrees C short roots continue to grow after flooding.