Porocarcinoma with YAP1-NUTM1 fusion presenting as a NUT immunohistochemistry-positive lymph node metastasis.

Introduction: Porocarcinoma is a rare, malignant adnexal tumor that recently has been shown to contain YAP1-NUTM1 and YAP1-MAML2 fusion transcripts, with nuclear protein in testis (NUT) immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity in a subset of these tumors. Consequently, NUT IHC may either aid in the differential diagnosis, or represent a confounding factor depending on the clinical scenario. Here, we present a case of NUTM1-rearranged sarcomatoid porocarcinoma of the scalp presenting as a NUT IHC-positive lymph node metastasis.

Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.

The conservation of sleep across all animal species suggests that sleep serves a vital function. We here report that sleep has a critical function in ensuring metabolic homeostasis. Using real-time assessments of tetramethylammonium diffusion and two-photon imaging in live mice, we show that natural sleep or anesthesia are associated with a 60% increase in the interstitial space, resulting in a striking increase in convective exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid.

Random access multiphoton (RAMP) microscopy for investigation of cerebral blood flow regulation mechanisms.

The processes by which blood flow is regulated at the capillary network level in the brain has been a source of continual debate. It is generally accepted that cerebral blood flow regulation occurs primarily at the arteriolar level. It has been recently suggested, however, that the capillary network is likewise under dynamic regulation.

Two-photon in vivo imaging of cells.

In vivo imaging of cells gives a glimpse into the world of biology in a natural setting unparalleled by any other venue. Two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled cells has become the standard to obtain high-resolution, dynamic images of living specimens with great specificity. This review focuses on providing the reader with a short history of, and impetus behind, two-photon imaging, its working mechanics, and emerging technologies related to biological multiphoton imaging.