Prevalence and Incidence of Drug-Resistant Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in the United States.

Objective: We reviewed data on the epidemiology of epilepsy in the United States and estimated the prevalence and incidence of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS) based on extrapolation from the available data drawn from the literature.

Methods: We searched the electronic database PubMed on December 14, 2016, using the following search terms in the title: "epilepsy" OR "temporal lobe" OR "hippocampal sclerosis" AND "epidemiology" OR "prevalence" OR "incidence." Relevant original studies were included.

Intermittent versus continuous central administration of clozapine in DBA/2 mice, improvement in sensory inhibition deficits.

Deficient sensory inhibition, the failure to inhibit responses to repeated stimuli, is a hallmark of schizophrenia, and is thought to be related to difficulties with attention and working memory. Sensory inhibition is assessed by comparing the auditory-evoked EEG responses to 2 closely-spaced identical stimuli. Normal individuals show suppressed response to the second stimulus while schizophrenia patients have responses of similar magnitude to both stimuli.

Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature.

Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead reflect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes.

An initial animal proof-of-concept study for central administration of clozapine to schizophrenia patients.

While clozapine is the acknowledged superior pharmacotherapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia, the side effect profile, which includes potentially fatal complications, limits its usefulness. Central administration of clozapine directly into the brain could circumvent many of the side effect issues due to the dramatic reduction in dose and the limitation of the drug primarily to the CNS. The present study demonstrates that clozapine can be formulated as a stable solution at physiological pH, which does not have in vitro neurotoxic effects at concentrations which may be effective at treating symptoms.