Toward Stimuli-Responsive Soft Robots with 3D Printed Self-Healing Konjac Glucomannan Gels.

Significant progress in fabricating new multifunctional soft materials and the advances of additive manufacturing technologies have given birth to a new generation of soft robots with complex capabilities, such as crawling, swimming, jumping, gripping, and releasing. Within this vast array of responsive soft materials, hydrogels receive considerable attention due to their fascinating properties, including biodegradable, self-healing, stimuli-responsive, and large volume transformation. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is an edible polysaccharide that forms a pH-responsive, self-healing hydrogel when crosslinked with borax, and it is the focus of this study.

Saltwater-responsive bubble artificial muscles using superabsorbent polymers.

Robots operating in changing underwater environments may be required to adapt to these varying conditions. In tidal estuaries, for example, where the degree of salinity cycles in step with the level of the water, a robot may need to adapt its behaviour depending on the position of the tide. In freshwater bodies, the unexpected presence of a pollutant may also require the robot to respond by altering its behaviour.