The origin of color categories.

To what extent does concept formation require language? Here, we exploit color to address this question and ask whether macaque monkeys have color concepts evident as categories. Macaques have similar cone photoreceptors and central visual circuits to humans, yet they lack language. Whether Old World monkeys such as macaques have consensus color categories is unresolved, but if they do, then language cannot be required.

Association of Body Mass Index in Midlife With Morbidity Burden in Older Adulthood and Longevity.

Importance: Abundant evidence links obesity with adverse health consequences. However, controversies persist regarding whether overweight status compared with normal body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is associated with longer survival and whether this occurs at the expense of greater long-term morbidity and health care expenditures.

Objective: To examine the association of BMI in midlife with morbidity burden, longevity, and health care expenditures in adults 65 years and older.

Association of Long-Term Risk Factor Levels With Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Chicago Healthy Aging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Plaque Study (CHAMPS).

Background: Absence of cardiovascular risk factors (RF) in young adulthood is associated with a lower risk for cardiovascular disease. However, it is unclear if low RF burden in young adulthood decreases the quantitative burden and qualitative features of atherosclerosis.

Methods: Multi-contrast carotid magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 440 Chicago Healthy Aging Study participants in 2009 to 2011, whose RF (total cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and smoking) were measured in 1967 to 1973.

Cardiovascular health in young and middle adulthood and medical care utilization and costs at older age - The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project Industry (CHA).

It is unclear how long-term medical utilization and costs from diverse care settings and their age-related patterns may differ by cardiovascular health (CVH) status earlier in adulthood. We followed 17,195 participants of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project Industry (1967-1973) with linked Medicare claims (1992 to 2010). Baseline CVH is a composite measure of blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, cholesterol, and smoking and includes four mutually exclusive strata: all factors were favorable (5.

Favorable Cardiovascular Health at Young and Middle Ages and Dementia in Older Age-The CHA Study.

Background Data are sparse on the association of cardiovascular health ( CVH ) in younger/middle age with the incidence of dementia later in life. Methods and Results We linked the CHA (Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry) study data, assessed in 1967 to 1973, with 1991 to 2010 Medicare and National Death Index data. Favorable CVH was defined as untreated systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure ≤120/≤80 mm Hg, untreated serum total cholesterol <5.

Long-term favorable cardiovascular risk profile and 39-year development of major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities - The Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS).

Background: Data are limited on long-term associations of favorable cardiovascular risk profile (i.e., low-risk) and changes in risk profile with ECG abnormality development.

Weekly sleep trajectories and their associations with obesity and hypertension in the Hispanic/Latino population.

Study Objectives: To identify weekly sleep trajectories (sleep pattern changing by day over a course of week) of specific characteristics and examine the associations between trajectory classes and obesity and hypertension.

Methods: A total of 2043 participants (mean age 46.9, 65.

Relation of Dietary Sodium (Salt) to Blood Pressure and Its Possible Modulation by Other Dietary Factors: The INTERMAP Study.

Unlabelled: Available data indicate that dietary sodium (as salt) relates directly to blood pressure (BP). Most of these findings are from studies lacking dietary data; hence, it is unclear whether this sodium-BP relationship is modulated by other dietary factors. With control for multiple nondietary factors, but not body mass index, there were direct relations to BP of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and the urinary sodium/potassium ratio among 4680 men and women 40 to 59 years of age (17 population samples in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States) in the INTERMAP (International Study on Macro/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure), and among its 2195 American participants, for example, 2 SD higher 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (118.

A hypertension emergency department intervention aimed at decreasing disparities: Design of a randomized clinical trial.

Effective interventions to identify and treat uncontrolled hypertension (HTN), particularly in underrepresented populations that use the emergency department (ED) for primary care, are critically needed. Uncontrolled HTN contributes significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is more frequently encountered among patients presenting to the ED as compared to the primary care setting. EDs serve as the point of entry into the health care system for high-risk patient populations, including minority and low-income patients.

Favorable Cardiovascular Health, Compression of Morbidity, and Healthcare Costs: Forty-Year Follow-Up of the CHA Study (Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry).

Background: We examined the association of cardiovascular health at younger ages with the proportion of life lived free of morbidity, the cumulative burden of morbidity, and average healthcare costs at older ages.

Methods: The CHA study (Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry) is a longitudinal cohort of employed men and women 18 to 74 years of age at baseline examination in 1967 to 1973. Baseline measurements included blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and smoking.

Description and initial evaluation of incorporating electronic follow-up of study participants in a longstanding multisite cohort study.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate a pilot program that allowed Chicago field center participants of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study to submit follow-up information electronically (eCARDIA).

Methods: Chicago field center participants who provided email addresses were invited to complete contact information and follow-up questionnaires on medical conditions electronically in 2012-2013. Sociodemographic characteristics were compared between those who did and did not complete follow-up electronically.

Optimal Levels of All Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Younger Age and Functional Disability in Older Age: The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry 32-Year Follow-Up Health Survey.

Background: The associations of optimal levels of all major cardiovascular disease risk factors, that is, low risk, in younger age with subsequent cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality have been well documented. However, little is known about associations of low-risk profiles in younger age with functional disability in older age.

Methods And Results: The sample included 6014 participants from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study.

Periodontal disease, chronic kidney disease and mortality: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background: Periodontal disease is associated with increased mortality in the general population, however its prognostic significance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not known. We evaluated the joint effect of periodontal disease and CKD on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Methods: Prospective observational study of 10,755 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 (NHANES III).

Favorable Levels of All Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Younger Ages and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein 39 Years Later -The Chicago Healthy Aging Study.

Objectives: Examine associations of favorable levels of all cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (RFs) [i.e., low risk (LR)] at younger ages with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) at older ages.

Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle-aged adults and 31-year risk for cardiovascular mortality: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study.

Background: Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <90 mm Hg, in younger and middle-aged adults is increasing in prevalence.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with ISH in younger and middle-aged adults.

Methods: CVD risks were explored in 15,868 men and 11,213 women 18 to 49 years of age (mean age 34 years) at baseline, 85% non-Hispanic white, free of coronary heart disease (CHD) and antihypertensive therapy, from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry study.

Association of depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, and perceived stress with subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS).

Objective: Examine the association between multiple psychological factors (depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, perceived stress) and subclinical atherosclerosis in older age.

Method: This cross-sectional study included 1101 adults ages 65-84 from the Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS - 2007-2010). Previously validated self-report instruments were used to assess psychological factors.

Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and their association with underlying cardiovascular disease and risk factors in Hispanics/Latinos (from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos).

The association of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities with cardiovascular disease and risk factors has been extensively studied in whites and African-Americans. Comparable data have not been reported in Hispanics/Latinos. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multicenter, community-based, prospective cohort study of men and women of diverse backgrounds aged 18 to 74 years who self-identified as Hispanic/Latinos.

Chicago Healthy Aging Study: objectives and design.

Investigators in the Chicago Healthy Aging Study (CHAS) reexamined 1,395 surviving participants aged 65-84 years (28% women) from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) 1967-1973 cohort whose cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles were originally ascertained at ages 25-44 years. CHAS investigators reexamined 421 participants who were low-risk (LR) at baseline and 974 participants who were non-LR at baseline. LR was defined as having favorable levels of 4 major CVD risk factors: serum total cholesterol level <200 mg/dL and no use of cholesterol-lowering medication; blood pressure 120/≤80 mm Hg and no use of antihypertensive medication; no current smoking; and no history of diabetes or heart attack.

Lifetime risk for heart failure among white and black Americans: cardiovascular lifetime risk pooling project.

Objectives: This study sought to estimate lifetime risk for heart failure (HF) by sex and race.

Background: Prior estimates of lifetime risk for developing HF range from 20% to 33% in predominantly white cohorts. Short-term risks for HF appear higher for blacks than whites, but only limited comparisons of lifetime risk for HF have been made.

Prospective relationship of low cardiovascular risk factor profile at younger ages to ankle-brachial index: 39-year follow-up--the Chicago Healthy Aging Study.

Background: Data are sparse regarding the long-term association of favorable levels of all major cardiovascular disease risk factors (RFs) (ie, low risk [LR]) with ankle-brachial index (ABI).

Methods And Results: In 2007-2010, the Chicago Healthy Aging Study reexamined a subset of participants aged 65 to 84 years from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry cohort (baseline examination, 1967-1973). RF groups were defined as LR (untreated blood pressure ≤ 120/≤ 80 mm Hg, untreated serum cholesterol <200 mg/dL, body mass index <25 kg/m(2), not smoking, no diabetes) or as 0 RFs, 1 RF, or 2+ RFs based on the presence of blood pressure ≥ 140/≥ 90 mm Hg or receiving treatment, serum cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL or receiving treatment, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2), smoking, or diabetes.

Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease.

Background: The lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease have not been reported across the age spectrum in black adults and white adults.

Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis at the individual level using data from 18 cohort studies involving a total of 257,384 black men and women and white men and women whose risk factors for cardiovascular disease were measured at the ages of 45, 55, 65, and 75 years. Blood pressure, cholesterol level, smoking status, and diabetes status were used to stratify participants according to risk factors into five mutually exclusive categories.

Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: Neither supervised treadmill exercise nor strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) without intermittent claudication have been established as beneficial.

Objective: To determine whether supervised treadmill exercise or lower extremity resistance training improve functional performance of patients with PAD with or without claudication.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Randomized controlled clinical trial performed at an urban academic medical center between April 1, 2004, and August 8, 2008, involving 156 patients with PAD who were randomly assigned to supervised treadmill exercise, to lower extremity resistance training, or to a control group.

Association of monosodium glutamate intake with overweight in Chinese adults: the INTERMAP Study.

Animal studies indicate that monosodium glutamate (MSG) can induce hypothalamic lesions and leptin resistance, possibly influencing energy balance, leading to overweight. This study examines the association between MSG intake and overweight in humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 752 healthy Chinese (48.