Development and ELISA Characterization of Antibodies against the Colistin, Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Meropenem: A Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Approach.

More than 70% of bacteria are resistant to all or nearly all known antimicrobials, creating the need for the development of new types of antimicrobials or the use of "last-line" antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of multi-resistant bacteria. These antibiotics include Glycopeptide (Vancomycin), Polymyxin (Colistin), Lipopeptide (Daptomycin), and Carbapenem (Meropenem). However, due to the toxicity of these types of molecules, it is necessary to develop new rapid methodologies to be used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM).

Personalized Medicine for Antibiotics: The Role of Nanobiosensors in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

Due to the high bacterial resistance to antibiotics (AB), it has become necessary to adjust the dose aimed at personalized medicine by means of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). TDM is a fundamental tool for measuring the concentration of drugs that have a limited or highly toxic dose in different body fluids, such as blood, plasma, serum, and urine, among others. Using different techniques that allow for the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis of the drug, TDM can reduce the risks inherent in treatment.

Optical Biosensors for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a fundamental tool when administering drugs that have a limited dosage or high toxicity, which could endanger the lives of patients. To carry out this monitoring, one can use different biological fluids, including blood, plasma, serum, and urine, among others. The help of specialized methodologies for TDM will allow for the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of drugs and help adjust the dose before or during their administration.

Electrochemical detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk using a magneto immunosensor.

An amperometric magneto-immunosensor (AMIS) for the detection of residues of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk samples is described for the first time. The immunosensor presented combines magnetic beads biomodified with an antibody with a broad recognition profile of fluoroquinolones, a haptenized enzyme and a magnetic graphite-epoxy composite (m-GEC) electrode. After the immunochemical reaction with specific enzyme tracer, the antibody biomodified magnetic beads are easily captured by an electrode made of graphite-epoxy composite containing a magnet, which also acts as transducer for the electrochemical detection.

Immunochemical determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in cattle hair: a strategy to ensure food safety.

Enrofloxacin (ERFX) is a synthetic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone (FQ) family, which is commonly administered in veterinary medicine. ERFX and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CPFX), have been reported to accumulate in hair of treated animals. Therefore, hair analysis is an attractive non-invasive alternative to control misuse of such antibiotic and to ensure food safety by preventing such food derived products arrive to the consumer.

Integrated disposable electrochemical immunosensors for the simultaneous determination of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics residues in milk.

The design, preparation and analytical performance of a novel integrated amperometric immunosensor based on the immobilization of selective capture antibodies on the surface of Protein G-modified screen-printed dual carbon electrodes (SPdCEs) for the multiplexed determination of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics residues in milk is reported in this work. Protein G was covalently immobilized onto a 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) film grafted on the disposable electrode, and a direct competitive immunoassay using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled tracers was performed. The amperometric responses measured at -0.

Molecular modeling assisted hapten design to produce broad selectivity antibodies for fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Antibodies with a wide recognition profile of fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been produced based on chemical criteria, theoretical studies, and molecular modeling assisted hapten design. The immunizing hapten preserves the most important and characteristic epitopes of this antibiotic family. The studies have taken into consideration the zwitterionic character of most of the fluoroquinolones and the relative concentration of the different species in equilibrium at physiologic pH.

Disposable and integrated amperometric immunosensor for direct determination of sulfonamide antibiotics in milk.

The preparation and performance of a disposable amperometric immunosensor, based on the use of a selective capture antibody and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), for the specific detection and quantification of sulfonamide residues in milk is reported. The antibody was covalently immobilized onto a 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) film grafted on the disposable electrode, and a direct competitive immunoassay using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic labeling was performed. The amperometric response measured at -0.

Portable surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotic residues in milk.

An inexpensive and portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, SPReeta Evaluation Kit SPR3, has been used to develop a biosensor for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) and to demonstrate its performance analyzing FQ residues in milk samples. The SPReeta three-channel gold chips were activated with a mixed self-assembled monolayer (m-SAM) and functionalized with a FQ haptenized protein. Binding of the antibody produced a concentration-dependent increase of the SPR signal as a result of the change in the refraction index.

Impedimetric immunosensor based on a polypyrrole-antibiotic model film for the label-free picomolar detection of ciprofloxacin.

This paper describes the construction of an impedimetric immunosensor for the label-free detection of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic belonging to synthetic fluoroquinolones. A poly(pyrrole-N-hydroxysuccinimide) film was electrogenerated onto electrodes and then used for the reagentless covalent binding of a fluoroquinolone model bearing an amino group. The resulting electrodes were utilized to immobilize a layer of anticiprofloxacin antibody onto the polymer surface by immunoreaction.

Detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk via a labeless immunoassay based upon an alternating current impedance protocol.

This paper describes the construction of a labeless immunosensor for the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in milk and its interrogation using an ac impedance protocol. Commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes were used as the basis for the sensor. Polyaniline was electrodeposited onto the sensors and then utilized to immobilize a biotinylated antibody for ciprofloxacin using classical avidin-biotin interactions.

A multianalyte ELISA for immunochemical screening of sulfonamide, fluoroquinolone and ss-lactam antibiotics in milk samples using class-selective bioreceptors.

A multianalyte ELISA has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the most frequently used antibiotic families in the veterinary field following the typical planar microarray configuration, where the identity of the target analyte is encoded by its location in the detection platform (Master et al. in Drug Discovery Today 11:1007-1011, 2006). To accomplish this aim, two individual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics and an enzyme-linked receptor assay for ss-lactam antibiotics have been combined.

Impedimetric immunosensor for the specific label free detection of ciprofloxacin antibiotic.

Impedance spectroscopy approaches combined with the immunosensor technology have been used for the determination of trace amounts of ciprofloxacin antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone family. The sensor electrode was based on the immobilization of anti-ciprofloxacin antibodies by chemical binding onto a poly(pyrrole-NHS) film electrogenerated on a solid gold substrate. The electrode surface was modified by electropolymerization of pyrrole-NHS, antibody grafting and ciprofloxacin immunoreaction.