Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: What Have We Learned So Far?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-lasting morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a devastating condition related to the impairment of the nervous system after an external traumatic event resulting in transitory or permanent functional disability, with a significant burden to the healthcare system. Harmful events underlying TBI can be classified into two sequential stages, primary and secondary, which are both associated with breakdown of the tissue homeostasis due to impairment of the blood-brain barrier, osmotic imbalance, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic cell death, ultimately resulting in a loss of tissue functionality. The present study provides an updated review concerning the roles of brain edema, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress on brain changes resulting from a TBI.

Astrocytosis, Inflammation, Axonal Damage and Myelin Impairment in the Internal Capsule following Striatal Ischemic Injury.

Secondary degeneration is defined as a set of destructive events that damage cells and structures that were initially spared or only peripherally affected by the primary insult, constituting a key factor for functional impairment after traumatic brain injury or stroke. In the present study, we evaluated the patterns of astrocytosis, inflammatory response, axonal damage and oligodendrocytes/myelin impairment in the internal capsule following a focal injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) into the dorsal striatum. Animals were perfused at 1, 3 and 7 post-lesion days (PLD), and tissue was processed to immunohistochemistry for neutrophils (MBS1), macrophages/microglia (ED1), astrocytes (GFAP), axonal lesion (βAPP), oligodendrocytes (Tau) and myelin (MBP).

Microscopy in Endodontics: A Bibliometric Survey.

Background: Microscopy is a resource used in endodontics as an aid in the study of pulp and periapical pathologies; it has allowed Endodontics to become more accurate, less invasive and has enabled greater chances of success in treatment. We aimed to map the scientific production on "microscopy" and "endodontics" in the databases, the ISI Web of Knowledge/Web of Science .

Methods: This bibliometric survey was conducted using ISI Web of Knowledge/Web of Science database, in the time frame between the years 1945 and 2016, the first being found in 1981.

Penetration degree of sealer in artificial lateral canal after passive ultrasonic irrigation with EDTA for different times.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of penetration of obturation cement in artificial lateral canals after Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for different times. Fifty upper molar palatine roots were used, in which two artificial lateral canals were made at distances of 7 and 3 millimeters from the root apex. After instrumentation and drying the canal, the final toilet stage was performed on five groups (n = 10), as follows: G1 - EDTA 17% + PUI for 10 seconds; G2 - EDTA 17% + PUI for 20 seconds; G3 - EDTA 17% + PUI for 30 seconds; G4 - EDTA 17% + PUI for 60 seconds; G5 - EDTA 17% + activation by instrument R50 for 5 minutes (Control).