[Hypertensive urgency and emergency].

European and North-American guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of arterial hypertension refer to hypertensive crisis as an acute and critical increase of blood pressure>180/120 mmHg. Presence of acute hypertensive target organ damage, such as stroke, myocardial infarction or heart failure, in this situation defines a “hypertensive emergency”. In these patients, immediate lowering of blood pressure (about 25% within one to two hours) in an intensive care setting is mandatory to prevent further progression of target organ damage.

[Hypertension in the elderly].

Arterial hypertension remains the most important risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. In view of an increasing prevalence with older age and an increasingly aging population, the treatment of elderly patients with arterial hypertension will become increasingly important in daily practice. Arterial hypertension in the elderly differs in many aspects from arterial hypertension in younger patients.

[Therapy-resistant arterial hypertension].

Therapy-resistant hypertension is a frequent finding in clinical practice. It is associated with a significantly increased risk for cardiovascular and renal events. Causes include but are not limited to erroneous blood pressure measurements, compliance issues, blood pressure increasing co-medication, and secondary hypertension.

[Cardiovascular risk stratification and therapeutic implications in arterial hypertension].

To improve the prevention of cardiovascular complications and events in hypertensive patients, it is of major importance to estimate the patient's individual risk for cardiovascular events. Antihypertensive treatment should not only be based on blood pressure values anymore, but also on the patient's comorbidities and risk profile. Risk stratification takes into account cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, asymptomatic organ damage and established cardiovascular or renal disease.

[Sarcopenia: definition, diagnostics and therapy].

Sarcopenia is an age-related generalized loss of muscle mass and muscle strength resulting in low physical performance. It can be observed in up to 50% of >80 year old men and women. Sarcopenia is strongly linked to frailty and causes physical disability, falls and institutionalization.