Anatomy of the interchondral joints and the effects on mobility of ribs.

Background: Variations in the anatomy of the anterior rib cage and costal margin have been observed. We sought to evaluate the location of interchondral joints and evaluate their effect on mobility of the rib cage.

Methods: Cadaveric dissections were performed to evaluate the anatomy of the anterior ribs and the composition of the costal margin.

Racial and Gender Discrimination in Hand Surgery Letters of Recommendation.

Purpose: We sought to evaluate hand surgery applicants' letters of recommendations to understand whether applicant and letter writer demographics contribute to racial and gender bias.

Methods: All applications submitted through the American Society for Surgery of the Hand match to a single institution fellowship program for the 2017 to 2019 application cycles were analyzed using validated text analysis software. Race/ethnicity information was derived from an analysis of applicant photos using the Face Secret Pro software.

Three-dimensional printing and craniosynostosis surgery.

Overview: The goal of this study was to review the current application and status of three-dimensional printing for craniosynostosis surgery.

Methods: A literature review was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE databases for studies published between 2010 and 2020. All studies demonstrating the utilization of three-dimensional printing for craniosynostosis surgery were included.

Systematic Review of Functional Mapping and Cortical Reorganization in the Setting of Arteriovenous Malformations, Redefining Anatomical Eloquence.

The goal of this study was to systematically review functional mapping and reorganization that takes place in the setting of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and its potential impact on grading and surgical decision making. A systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database for studies published between 1986 and 2019. Studies assessing brain mapping and functional reorganization in AVMs were included.

Consequences of chronic frequent premature atrial contractions: Association with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac structural changes.

Introduction: Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can cause cardiomyopathy (CM). Postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) and irregularity have been in implicated as triggers of PVC-CM. Because both phenomena can also be found in premature atrial contractions (PACs), it is speculated that frequent PACs have similar consequences.