Red mud (RM) is composed of a waste alkaline solution (pH = 13.3) obtained from the production of alumina. It contains high concentrations of hematite (FeO), goethite (FeOOH), gibbsite [Al(OH)], a boehmite (AlOOH), anatase (Tetragonal-TiO), rutile (Ditetragonal dipyramidal-TiO), hydrogarnets [CaAl(SiO)(OH)], quartz (SiO), and perovskite (CaTiO).
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