A potential trade-off between offense and defense in honeybee innate immunity: Reduced phagocytosis in honeybee hemocytes correlates with a protective response after exposure to imidacloprid and amitraz.

Phagocytosis "offense" is a crucial process to protect the organism from diseases and the effects of foreign particles. Insects rely on the innate immune system and thus any hindrance to phagocytosis may greatly affect their resistance to diseases and response to pathogens. The European honeybee, a valuable species due to its economic and environmental contribution, is being challenged by colony collapse disorder leading to its decline.

Imidacloprid and acetamiprid synergistically downregulate spaetzle and myD88 of the Toll pathway in haemocytes of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera).

Pollinator health has been of critical concern over the last few decades. The prevalence of the honeybee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), changing climate, and the rise of vector-borne honeybee diseases by Varroa destructor, have played a major role in the rapid decline of global honeybee populations. Honeybees are environmentally and economically significant actors in biodiversity.

Corrigendum: A clash on the Toll pathway: competitive action between pesticides and zymosan A on components of innate immunity in .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.

A clash on the Toll pathway: competitive action between pesticides and zymosan A on components of innate immunity in .

Background: The immune system of honeybees includes multiple pathways that may be affected by pesticide exposure decreasing the immune competencies of bees and increasing their susceptibility to diseases like the fungal Nosema spp. infection, which is detected in collapsed colonies.

Methods: To better understand the effect of the co-presence of multiple pesticides that interact with bees like imidacloprid and amitraz, we evaluated the expression of immune-related genes in honeybee hemocytes.

Differential Production of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide among , , and Immune-Activated Hemocytes after Exposure to Imidacloprid and Amitraz.

Invertebrates have a diverse immune system that responds differently to stressors such as pesticides and pathogens, which leads to different degrees of susceptibility. Honeybees are facing a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder which is attributed to several factors including pesticides and pathogens. We applied an in vitro approach to assess the response of immune-activated hemocytes from , and after exposure to imidacloprid and amitraz.