Identification of Two Conserved Residues Involved in Copper Release from Chloroplast PIB-1-ATPases.

Copper is an essential transition metal for living organisms. In the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana, half of the copper content is localized in the chloroplast, and as a cofactor of plastocyanin, copper is essential for photosynthesis. Within the chloroplast, copper delivery to plastocyanin involves two transporters of the PIB-1-ATPases subfamily: HMA6 at the chloroplast envelope and HMA8 in the thylakoid membranes.

Cost-effectiveness of a hand hygiene program on health care-associated infections in intensive care patients at a tertiary care hospital in Vietnam.

Background: The cost-effectiveness of a hand hygiene (HH) program in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is largely unknown. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of a HH program in a large tertiary Vietnamese hospital.

Methods: This was a before and after study of a hand hygiene program where HH compliance, incidence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), and costs were analyzed.