Women's participation in the medical profession: insights from experiences in Japan, Scandinavia, Russia, and Eastern Europe.

Although much literature has focused on the status of female physicians in the United States, limited English-language studies have examined the role of women in the medical profession elsewhere in the world. This article synthesizes evidence regarding the status of female physicians in three purposively selected regions outside the United States: Japan, Scandinavia, and Russia and Eastern Europe. These three regions markedly differ in the proportion of female physicians in the workforce, overall status of the medical profession, cultural views of gender roles, and workforce policies.

Gender differences in salary in a recent cohort of early-career physician-researchers.

Purpose: Studies have suggested that male physicians earn more than their female counterparts. The authors examined whether this disparity exists in a recently hired cohort.

Method: In 2010-2011, the authors surveyed recent recipients of National Institutes of Health (NIH) mentored career development (i.

Work-life balance in academic medicine: narratives of physician-researchers and their mentors.

Background: Leaders in academic medicine are often selected from the ranks of physician-researchers, whose demanding careers involve multiple professional commitments that must also be balanced with demands at home.

Objective: To gain a more nuanced understanding of work-life balance issues from the perspective of a large and diverse group of faculty clinician-researchers and their mentors.

Design: A qualitative study with semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted from 2010 to 2011, using inductive analysis and purposive sampling.

Negotiation in academic medicine: narratives of faculty researchers and their mentors.

Purpose: Few researchers have explored the negotiation experiences of academic medical faculty even though negotiation is crucial to their career success. The authors sought to understand medical faculty researchers' experiences with and perceptions of negotiation.

Method: Between February 2010 and August 2011, the authors conducted semistructured, in-depth telephone interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health mentored career development awards and 28 of their mentors.

Batting 300 is good: perspectives of faculty researchers and their mentors on rejection, resilience, and persistence in academic medical careers.

Purpose: Professional rejection is a frequent experience in an academic medical career. The authors sought to understand how rejection affects those pursuing such careers and why some individuals may be more resilient than others in a population of individuals with demonstrated ability and interest in research careers.

Method: Between February 2010 and August 2011, the authors conducted semistructured, in-depth telephone interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health mentored career development awards and 28 of their mentors.

Mentor networks in academic medicine: moving beyond a dyadic conception of mentoring for junior faculty researchers.

Purpose: Career development award programs often require formal establishment of mentoring relationships. The authors sought to gain a nuanced understanding of mentoring from the perspective of a diverse national sample of faculty clinician-researchers who were all members of formal mentoring relationships.

Method: Between February 2010 and August 2011, the authors conducted semistructured, in-depth telephone interviews with 100 former recipients of National Institutes of Health mentored career development awards and 28 of their mentors.

Parents' preferences for enhanced access to the pediatric medical home: a qualitative study.

Enhanced access services are key components of the patient-centered medical home, but they are resource-intensive and may require significant trade-offs by practices and patients. Using qualitative research methods, we interviewed 20 parents about experiences accessing primary care for their children, priorities for enhanced access, and willingness to make trade-offs. Parents had strong preferences for certain services, such as same-day sick care appointments, and were willing to make trade-offs for high-priority services.

Gender differences in the salaries of physician researchers.

Context: It is unclear whether male and female physician researchers who perform similar work are currently paid equally.

Objectives: To determine whether salaries differ by gender in a relatively homogeneous cohort of physician researchers and, if so, to determine if these differences are explained by differences in specialization, productivity, or other factors.

Design And Setting: A US nationwide postal survey was sent in 2009-2010 to assess the salary and other characteristics of a relatively homogeneous population of physicians.