Dynamic Masking: A Proposal of Burden-Based Metrics for Masking in K-12 Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Ongoing masking of K-12 children has not been universally accepted despite recommendation from public health authorities. In states without universal mask mandates for schools, district administrators are forced to make masking decisions under significant local political pressures. There is a call for endpoints to masking to allow communities to tailor mitigation while keeping schools safe, focusing on harm reduction.

SARS-CoV-2 Incidence and Transmission in 48 K-12 Virginia Public Schools During Community Surge.

Among 20 681 students and 4282 staff, the in-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appeared low during highest community spread and at 3- to 6-foot distancing. Nine of 820 school cases (1.1%) resulted in spread, with only one student-to-staff transmission.

COVID-19 Transmission during Transportation of 1st to 12th Grade Students: Experience of an Independent School in Virginia.

Background: In-school transmission of COVID-19 among K-12 students is low when mitigation layers are used, but the risk of acquiring COVID-19 during school bus transportation is not well defined. Given the operational limitations of many school districts, more data is needed to determine what mitigation is required to keep COVID-19 transmission low during bus transport.

Methods: An independent school in Virginia monitored 1154 students in grades 1 to 12 with asymptomatic PCR testing every 2 weeks from August 24, 2020 to March 19, 2021, during the highest community transmission.

Advancing Advocacy: Implementation of a Child Health Advocacy Curriculum in a Pediatrics Residency Program.

Introduction: ACGME program requirements for graduate medical education state that pediatric residency programs should include elements of child advocacy education. Finding readily available, easily implementable advocacy curricula for pediatric residency programs is challenging. We conducted a generalized curricular needs assessment via literature review and a targeted needs assessment with health care providers and advocacy leaders and developed and implemented a child health advocacy curriculum in a pediatrics residency program.

Evaluating the Implementation Barriers of an Intranasal Fentanyl Pain Pathway for Pediatric Long-Bone Fractures.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess physician comfort, knowledge, and implementation barriers regarding the use of intranasal fentanyl (INF) for pain management in patients with long-bone fractures in a pediatric emergency department (ED) with an INF pain pathway.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients, 3 to 21 years old, in our ED with an International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision code for a long-bone fracture from September 1, 2013, to August 31, 2015. Patients were divided into 4 groups: (1) received INF on the pathway appropriately; (2) "missed opportunities" to receive INF, defined as either INF was ordered and then subsequently canceled (for pain ratings, ≥6/10), or INF was ordered, cancelled, and intravenous (IV) morphine given, or INF was not ordered and a peripheral IV line was placed to give IV morphine as first-line medication; (3) peripheral IV established upon ED arrival; (4) no pain medication required.

Running Memory for Clinical Handoffs: A Look at Active and Passive Processing.

Objective: The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of domain-relevant expertise on running memory and the ability to process handoffs of information. In addition, the role of active or passive processing was examined.

Background: Currently, there is little research that addresses how individuals with different levels of expertise process information in running memory when the information is needed to perform a real-world task.

Resident handoff training: initial evaluation of a novel method.

Introduction: Residencies are required to have a standardized process for transitioning patient care. This study was designed to assess a novel method of training and evaluating handoffs using both a lecture format and standardized patient (SP) interactions.

Methods: Matched group design was used to randomly assign interns to trained versus control groups, with the trained group receiving formal handoff training before SP encounters.

Decreasing handoff-related care failures in children's hospitals.

Background And Objective: Patient handoffs in health care require transfer of information, responsibility, and authority between providers. Suboptimal patient handoffs pose a serious safety risk. Studies demonstrating the impact of improved patient handoffs on care failures are lacking.

Necessity of routine pelvic radiograph in the pediatric blunt trauma patient.

Background: Pelvic radiographs are obtained frequently in pediatric blunt trauma. The authors hypothesize that there are clinical indicators that can predict pelvic fracture on a pelvic radiograph in the pediatric blunt trauma patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or 15.

Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 33 patients with pelvic fractures and 63 patients without pelvic fractures was performed.

Increased hypothalamic dopaminergic tone only in early parous women with either malignant or benign breast tumors.

Objective: To investigate whether the serum prolactin (PRL) response to a dopamine antagonist was different in nonobese, euthyroid women with malignant or benign breast tumors in comparison with healthy women, considering their age at first full-term pregnancy or their nulliparity.

Methods: Serum PRL concentrations before and 60, 90, and 120 minutes after oral administration of metoclopramide (10 mg) were studied in 122 nonobese, nonsmoking, euthyroid women: 28 who had invasive breast cancer, stage I or II (group 1), 34 who had benign breast disease (group 2), and 60 who were clinically healthy (group 3). These three main groups were subdivided into early and late parous women (< or = 25 and >25 years, respectively) and nulliparous women, and the menopausal status was also considered.