Dermal exposure and hair dye: Assessing potential bladder cancer risk from permanent hair dye.

Hair dye products include a range of chemicals, depending on the type and color. A common primary intermediate compound used to achieve the permanent effect of hair dye is para-phenylenediamine (PPD). 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) has reportedly been found as a trace contaminant (presumably from the para-phenylenediamine [PPD] ingredient) in consumer permanent hair dye.

A critical review of methods for decontaminating filtering facepiece respirators.

Various decontamination methods that may be used to extend respirator inventories have been examined for over a decade. In light of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many health-care settings are now implementing these techniques amid respirator shortages. We sought to perform a critical review of the available literature regarding decontamination methods to determine which strategies are effective at inactivating the target organism, preserve performance (filter efficiency and fit) of the respirator, leave no residual toxicity from the treatment, and are fast-acting, inexpensive, and readily available.

Hair dye and risk of skin sensitization induction: a product survey and quantitative risk assessment for para-phenylenediamine (PPD).

Background: Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a commonly used dye intermediate in permanent hair dye formulations, and exposure to PPD has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis at certain doses.

Purpose: Determine the concentration of PPD in a survey of self-application permanent hair dye products, and perform a quantitative risk assessment to determine the risk of skin sensitization induction following application of these products.

Methods: Consumer exposure levels (CELs) to PPD following application of hair dye products were estimated using the maximum amount of hair dye that can adhere to the surface area of the scalp, the measured concentration of PPD in the hair dye product, a retention factor, the dermal absorption of PPD, and the surface area of the scalp.

An analysis of workplace exposures to asbestos at three steel mills located in the United States (1972-1982).

The objective is to present historical asbestos airborne concentrations associated with activities involving presumably asbestos-containing materials in steel mills. A total of 138 historical industrial hygiene air samples collected in three US steel mills from 1972 to 1982 were analyzed. The majority of samples were collected during relining of open hearth furnaces, stoves, and blast furnaces by steel mill bricklayers and bricklayer helpers.

Evaluation of the presence of asbestos in cosmetic talcum products.

Talc has been used for over a century in a variety of cosmetic products. While pure cosmetic talc (free of asbestos) is not considered a risk factor for mesothelioma, it has been recently suggested that inhalation of cosmetic talc containing trace levels of asbestos is a risk factor for mesothelioma. Bulk analyses of cosmetic talcum products were performed in the 1960s and 1970s, however, the analytical methods used at that time were incapable of determining whether asbestos minerals were present in the asbestiform versus non-asbestiform habit.

Airborne asbestos exposures associated with gasket and packing replacement: a simulation study of flange and valve repair work and an assessment of exposure variables.

A simulation study was conducted to evaluate worker and area exposure to airborne asbestos associated with the replacement of asbestos-containing gaskets and packing materials from flanges and valves and assess the influence of several variables previously not investigated. Additionally, potential of take home exposures from clothing worn during the study was characterized. Our data showed that product type, ventilation type, gasket location, flange or bonnet size, number of flanges involved, surface characteristics, gasket surface adherence, and even activity type did not have a significant effect on worker exposures.

Airborne asbestos exposures associated with gasket and packing replacement: a simulation study and meta-analysis.

Exposures to airborne asbestos during the removal and installation of internal gaskets and packing associated with a valve overhaul were characterized and compared to published data according to different variables (e.g., product, equipment, task, tool, setting, duration).

Evaluation of pulmonary function within a cohort of flavorings workers.

Objectives: We present a re-analysis of a recent Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) that was performed by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) regarding the pulmonary status of workers at a flavorings manufacturing facility. This facility has used acetaldehyde, acetoin, benzaldehyde, butyric acid, diacetyl and many other flavoring chemicals for many years.

Methods: Ten years of spirometry testing and job descriptions data on 112 workers were analyzed by the authors and by NIOSH.

Airborne benzene exposures from cleaning metal surfaces with small volumes of petroleum solvents.

Airborne benzene concentrations were measured in a room with controlled air exchange during surface cleaning with two petroleum-based solvents (a paint thinner and an engine degreaser). The solvents were spiked with benzene to obtain target concentrations of 0.001, 0.

The role of exposure reconstruction in occupational human health risk assessment: current methods and a recommended framework.

Exposure reconstruction for substances of interest to human health is a process that has been used, with various levels of sophistication, as far back as the 1930s. The importance of robust and high-quality exposure reconstruction has been recognized by many researchers. It has been noted that misclassification of reconstructed exposures is relatively common and can result in potentially significant effects on the conclusions of a human health risk assessment or epidemiology study.

A visual historical review of exposure to asbestos at puget sound naval shipyard (1962-1972).

The study of occupational exposure to asbestos has been an ongoing activity for at least 75 years, dating back to the papers of Merewether and Price (1930). Since that time, literally tens of thousands of air samples have been collected in an attempt to characterize the concentration of asbestos associated with various activities. Many of the individuals who developed diseases from the 1970s to the current day were often exposed to very high airborne concentrations because of direct or indirect exposure to either raw asbestos fiber or insulation during the approximate 1940-1970 time period.