Peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to Fos expression increase in the spinal cord through antidromic electrical stimulation of sensory nerves.

Previous studies have shown that peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors are involved in the increase in sensitivity of a cutaneous branch of spinal dorsal ramus (CBDR) through antidromic electrical stimulation (ADES) of another CBDR in the adjacent segment. CBDR in the thoracic segments run parallel to each other and no synaptic contact at the periphery is reported. The present study investigated whether the increased sensitivity of peripheral sensory nerves via ADES of a CBDR induced Fos expression changes in the adjacent segments of the spinal cord.

[A retrospective study on the long-term clinical outcomes of 310 porcelain laminate veneers].

Objective: To investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of porcelain laminate veneers 1-8 years following delivery.

Methods: A total of 310 feldspathic porcelain laminate veneers on anterior teeth or premolars in 49 patients were included in the present study 1-8 years following delivery. All the subjects underwent a detailed clinical examination utilizing modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria.