Altered metabolism in right basal ganglia associated with asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals.

Background: Only few studies have focused on the metabolite differences between asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and cognitively normal people living with HIV (PLWH). The current study aims to examine whether brain metabolisms in basal ganglia (BG) by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were potential to discriminate ANI from cognitively normal PLWH.

Methods: According to neuropsychological (NP) test, 80 PLWH (37.

Morphological Changes of Frontal Areas in Male Individuals With HIV: A Deformation-Based Morphometry Analysis.

Objective: Previous studies on HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals have revealed brain structural alterations underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Most studies have adopted the widely used voxel-based morphological analysis of T1-weighted images or tracked-based analysis of diffusion tensor images. In this study, we investigated the HIV-related morphological changes using the deformation-based morphometry (DBM) analysis of T1-weighted images, which is another useful tool with high regional sensitivity.

HIV-Associated Structural and Functional Brain Alterations in Homosexual Males.

Purpose: Neuroimaging elucidations have shown structural and functional brain alterations in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals when compared to HIV-negative (HIV-) controls. However, HIV- groups used in previous studies were not specifically considered for sexual orientation, which also affects the brain structures and functions. The current study aimed to characterize the brain alterations associated with HIV infection while controlling for sexual orientation.

The Resting State Central Auditory Network: a Potential Marker of HIV-Related Central Nervous System Alterations.

Objective: HIV positive (HIV+) individuals with otherwise normal hearing ability show central auditory processing deficits as evidenced by worse performance in speech-in-noise perception compared with HIV negative (HIV-) controls. HIV infection and treatment are also associated with lower neurocognitive screening test scores, suggesting underlying central nervous system damage. To determine how central auditory processing deficits in HIV+ individuals relate to brain alterations in the cortex involved with auditory processing, we compared auditory network (AN) functional connectivity between HIV+ adults with or without speech-in-noise perception difficulties and age-matched HIV- controls using resting-state fMRI.

Corrigendum: Increased Right Frontal Brain Activity During the Mandarin Hearing-in-Noise Test.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.

Increased Right Frontal Brain Activity During the Mandarin Hearing-in-Noise Test.

Purpose: Previous studies have revealed increased frontal brain activation during speech comprehension in background noise. Few, however, used tonal languages. The normal pattern of brain activation during a challenging speech-in-nose task using a tonal language remains unclear.

Duplication Causes Aberrant GABA Pathways, Circuits and Behaviors in Transgenic Monkeys: Neural Mappings to Patients with Autism.

gain-of-function and loss-of-function in genetically engineered monkeys recapitulates typical phenotypes in patients with autism, yet where mutation affects the monkey brain and whether/how it relates to autism pathology remain unknown. Here we report a combination of gene-circuit-behavior analyses including coexpression network, locomotive and cognitive behaviors, and EEG and fMRI findings in 5 overexpressed monkeys (; 3 females) and 20 wild-type monkeys (; 11 females). Whole-genome expression analysis revealed coexpressed genes significantly enriched in GABA-related signaling pathways, whereby reduced β-synchronization within fronto-parieto-occipital networks was associated with abnormal locomotive behaviors.

Isoflurane-Induced Burst Suppression Increases Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of the Monkey Brain.

Animal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided key insights into the physiological mechanisms underlying healthy and diseased brain states. In non-human primates, resting-state fMRI studies are commonly conducted under isoflurane anesthesia, where anesthetic concentration is used to roughly infer anesthesia depth. However, within the recommended isoflurane concentration range (1.