Electroencephalography can provide advance warning of technical errors during laparoscopic surgery.

Background: Intraoperative adverse events lead to patient injury and death, and are increasing. Early warning systems (EWSs) have been used to detect patient deterioration and save lives. However, few studies have used EWSs to monitor surgical performance and caution about imminent technical errors.

Image reconstruction reveals the impact of aging on face perception.

Extensive work has demonstrated an age-related decline in face recognition, but the nature and the extent of aging-related alterations in face representations remain unclear. Here, we address these issues using an image reconstruction approach to reveal the content of visual representations. Healthy young and older adults provided similarity judgments for pairs of face images.

A multivariate investigation of visual word, face, and ensemble processing: Perspectives from EEG-based decoding and feature selection.

Recent investigations have focused on the spatiotemporal dynamics of visual recognition by appealing to pattern analysis of EEG signals. While this work has established the ability to decode identity-level information (such as the identity of a face or of a word) from neural signals, much less is known about the precise nature of the signals that support such feats, their robustness across visual categories, or their consistency across human participants. Here, we address these questions through the use of EEG-based decoding and multivariate feature selection as applied to three visual categories: words, faces and face ensembles (i.

Multivariate Analysis of Electrophysiological Signals Reveals the Temporal Properties of Visuomotor Computations for Precision Grips.

The frontoparietal networks underlying grasping movements have been extensively studied, especially using fMRI. Accordingly, whereas much is known about their cortical locus much less is known about the temporal dynamics of visuomotor transformations. Here, we show that multivariate EEG analysis allows for detailed insights into the time course of visual and visuomotor computations of precision grasps.

Multimodal evidence on shape and surface information in individual face processing.

The significance of shape and surface information for face perception is well established, yet their relative contribution to recognition and their neural underpinnings await clarification. Here, we employ image reconstruction to retrieve, assess and visualize such information using behavioral, electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Our results indicate that both shape and surface information can be successfully recovered from each modality but that the latter is better recovered than the former, consistent with its key role for face representations.

The Neural Dynamics of Facial Identity Processing: Insights from EEG-Based Pattern Analysis and Image Reconstruction.

Uncovering the neural dynamics of facial identity processing along with its representational basis outlines a major endeavor in the study of visual processing. To this end, here, we record human electroencephalography (EEG) data associated with viewing face stimuli; then, we exploit spatiotemporal EEG information to determine the neural correlates of facial identity representations and to reconstruct the appearance of the corresponding stimuli. Our findings indicate that multiple temporal intervals support: facial identity classification, face space estimation, visual feature extraction and image reconstruction.

Memory and Perception-based Facial Image Reconstruction.

Visual memory for faces has been extensively researched, especially regarding the main factors that influence face memorability. However, what we remember exactly about a face, namely, the pictorial content of visual memory, remains largely unclear. The current work aims to elucidate this issue by reconstructing face images from both perceptual and memory-based behavioural data.

The time course of individual face recognition: A pattern analysis of ERP signals.

An extensive body of work documents the time course of neural face processing in the human visual cortex. However, the majority of this work has focused on specific temporal landmarks, such as N170 and N250 components, derived through univariate analyses of EEG data. Here, we take on a broader evaluation of ERP signals related to individual face recognition as we attempt to move beyond the leading theoretical and methodological framework through the application of pattern analysis to ERP data.

Temporal dynamics of repetition suppression to individual faces presented at a fast periodic rate.

Periodic presentation of visual stimuli leads to a robust electrophysiological response on the human scalp exactly at the periodic stimulation frequency, a response defined as a "steady-state visual evoked potential" (SSVEP, Regan, 1966). However, recent studies have shown that SSVEPs over the (right) occipito-temporal cortex are reduced when the same individual face is repeated at periodic rates of 3 to 9 Hz compared to when different faces are presented (Rossion, 2014). Here, we characterized the temporal dynamics of this repetition suppression effect.

Early sensitivity for eyes within faces: a new neuronal account of holistic and featural processing.

Eyes are central to face processing however their role in early face encoding as reflected by the N170 ERP component is unclear. Using eye tracking to enforce fixation on specific facial features, we found that the N170 was larger for fixation on the eyes compared to fixation on the forehead, nasion, nose or mouth, which all yielded similar amplitudes. This eye sensitivity was seen in both upright and inverted faces and was lost in eyeless faces, demonstrating it was due to the presence of eyes at fovea.

Is the rapid adaptation paradigm too rapid? Implications for face and object processing.

Rapid adaptation is an adaptation procedure in which adaptors and test stimuli are presented in rapid succession. The current study tested the validity of this method for early ERP components by investigating the specificity of the adaptation effect on the face-sensitive N170 ERP component across multiple test stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 showed identical response patterns for house and upright face test stimuli using the same adaptor stimuli.

The role of eyes in early face processing: a rapid adaptation study of the inversion effect.

The current study employed a rapid adaptation procedure to test the neuronal mechanisms of the face inversion effect (FIE) on the early face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) component N170. Five categories of face-related stimuli (isolated eyes, isolated mouths, eyeless faces, mouthless faces, and full faces) and houses were presented in upright and inverted orientations as adaptors for inverted full face test stimuli. Strong adaptation was found for all face-related stimuli except mouths.

ERP evidence of hemispheric independence in visual word recognition.

This study examined the capability of the left hemisphere (LH) and the right hemisphere (RH) to perform a visual recognition task independently as formulated by the Direct Access Model (Fernandino, Iacoboni, & Zaidel, 2007). Healthy native Hebrew speakers were asked to categorize nouns and non-words (created from nouns by transposing two middle letters) into man-made and natural categories while their performance and ERPs were recorded. The stimuli were presented parafoveally to the right and left visual fields.

Committing driving violations: an observational study comparing city, town and village.

Introduction: This article compares observed driving behavior in a city, a town, and a village.

Method: Unobtrusive observations were made at intersections in each residential type. Five violation types were observed: (a) not wearing a seat belt (seat belt violation); (b) not using a safety seat for a child (safety seat violation for children); (c) not using a speaker while speaking on the phone (on-phone violation); (d) failing to comply with a 'give way' sign ('give way' sign violation); and (e) stopping in an undesignated area (undesignated stop violation).

Fear and danger appraisals of a road-crossing scenario: a developmental perspective.

Children's actual performance of visual timing task is possibly deficient, and road-crossing training programs focusing on visual timing elements result in questionable improvement in performance. The present study focused on conceptual, rather than perceptual, examination of the visual timing elements of distance and speed, as integrated into appraisals of risks related to a traffic scenario. Preschool children, third-grade children and adults appraised pedestrian fear and danger associated with four scenarios conceptually depicted using a table-top model.

Yielding behavior of Israeli drivers: interaction of age and sex.

The main objective of the present study was to explore the yielding behavior of Israeli drivers. A series of observations were carried out at a busy crosswalk during rush hour to determine the association between demographic factors, i.e.