Draft Genome Sequences of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Poultry.

Four wild-type strains isolated from the cecal contents of broiler chickens were sequenced. The average genome size was 1,622,170 bp, with 1,667 to 1,761 coding sequences and 47 to 51 RNAs. Multiple genes encoding motility, intestinal colonization, toxin production, stress tolerance, and multidrug resistance were present in all the strains.

-Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol and Carvacrol Reduce Biofilms and Modulate Expression of Select Genes and Proteins.

is the leading cause of human foodborne illness globally, and is strongly linked with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Several studies have shown that can form sanitizer tolerant biofilm leading to product contamination, however, limited research has been conducted to develop effective control strategies against biofilms. This study investigated the efficacy of three generally recognized as safe status phytochemicals namely, -cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol (EG), or carvacrol (CR) in inhibiting biofilm formation and inactivating mature biofilm on common food contact surfaces at 20 and 37°C.

Edible Coatings Fortified With Carvacrol Reduce on Chicken Wingettes and Modulate Expression of Select Virulence Genes.

, a leading cause of foodborne disease in humans, associate primarily with consumption of contaminated poultry and poultry products. Intervention strategies aimed at reducing contamination on poultry products could significantly reduce infection in humans. This study evaluated the efficacy of gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (CH) fortified with carvacrol (CR) as an antimicrobial coating treatment for reducing on chicken wingettes.

Gene Expression Response of Serotype Enteritidis Phage Type 8 to Subinhibitory Concentrations of the Plant-Derived Compounds -Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol.

Enteritidis phage type 8 (PT8) is a major poultry-associated strain implicated in foodborne outbreaks in the United States. We previously reported that two plant-derived compounds generally recognized as safe (GRAS), -cinnamaldehyde (TC), and eugenol (EG), significantly reduced . Enteritidis colonization in broiler and layer chickens.

Phytochemicals reduce aflatoxin-induced toxicity in chicken embryos.

Aflatoxins (AF) are toxic metabolites produced by molds, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which frequently contaminate poultry feed ingredients. Ingestion of AF-contaminated feed by chickens leads to deleterious effects, including decreased bird performance and reduced egg production. Moreover, AF residues in fertilized eggs result in huge economic losses by decreasing embryo viability and hatchability.

Application of β-Resorcylic Acid as Potential Antimicrobial Feed Additive to Reduce Colonization in Broiler Chickens.

is one of the major foodborne pathogens that result in severe gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated poultry products. Chickens are the reservoir host of , where the pathogen colonizes the ceca, thereby leading to contamination of carcass during slaughter. A reduction in cecal colonization by would directly translate into reduced product contamination and risk of human infections.

Targeting motility properties of bacteria in the development of probiotic cultures against Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.

Campylobacter is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter is commonly present in the intestinal tract of poultry, and one strategy to reduce enteric colonization is the use of probiotic cultures. This strategy has successfully reduced enteric colonization of Salmonella, but has had limited success against Campylobacter.

Multiplex PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella serotypes in water samples.

Three pathogens, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, are leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Although these three bacteria are typically considered food-borne pathogens, outbreaks have been reported due to contaminated drinking water and irrigation water. The aim of this research was to develop two types of PCR assays that could detect and quantify three pathogens, Campylobacter spp.

Caprylic Acid reduces enteric campylobacter colonization in market-aged broiler chickens but does not appear to alter cecal microbial populations.

Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and epidemiological evidence indicates poultry products to be a significant source of human Campylobacter infections. Caprylic acid, an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid, reduces Campylobacter colonization in chickens. How caprylic acid reduces Campylobacter carriage may be related to changes in intestinal microflora.

Prophylactic supplementation of caprylic acid in feed reduces Salmonella enteritidis colonization in commercial broiler chicks.

Salmonella Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen for which chickens serve as reservoir hosts. Reducing Salmonella Enteritidis carriage in chickens would reduce contamination of poultry meat and eggs with this pathogen. We investigated the prophylactic efficacy of feed supplemented with caprylic acid (CA), a natural, generally recognized as safe eight-carbon fatty acid, for reducing Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in chicks.

Antibiotic residues distribute uniformly in broiler chicken breast muscle tissue.

Use of antibiotics by the poultry industry has the potential to produce residues in edible tissues. In order to protect consumers, the U.S.

Evaluation of serum as a potential matrix for multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n).

An efficient multiresidue method was successfully applied to the determination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in chicken serum. In this method, FQs are extracted from matrix with ammoniacal acetonitrile, and the extracts are defatted and then evaporated. After addition of basic phosphate buffer and filtration, the samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) (multiple mass spectrometry; MS(n)).

Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in chicken muscle using HPLC with fluorescence detection.

A multiresidue method has been developed which allows for the simultaneous determination of both fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in chicken muscle. Samples were extracted with a mix of acetonitrile and 0.1 M citrate, 150 mM MgCl(2), pH 5.

Concentrations of antibiotic residues vary between different edible muscle tissues in poultry.

Antibiotics are used by veterinarians and producers to treat disease and improve animal production. The federal government, to ensure the safety of the food supply, establishes antibiotic residue tolerances in edible animal tissues and determines the target tissues (e.g.

Comparison between a bioassay and liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) for the determination of incurred enrofloxacin in whole eggs.

The objective of this study was to compare a bioassay with a liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) method for detection of enrofloxacin (ENRO) in incurred eggs. The bioassay developed by our laboratories involves an agar diffusion microbiological method using Klebsiella pneumoniae as an indicator organism. Results demonstrate that both methods are capable of detecting incurred fluoroquinolone residues in eggs.

Antibiotic residues in poultry tissues and eggs: human health concerns?

Antibiotics are used by the poultry industry to enhance the health and productivity of flocks. The use of antimicrobials is strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the USDA to warrant their safety and efficacy. Prior to regulatory approval, the pharmacokinetics and tissue tolerances of an antimicrobial are determined to set the proper dosage.

Multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-multiple mass spectrometry.

An efficient liquid chromatographic method for the multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue has been developed in which quantitation using fluorescence and confirmation with multiple mass spectrometry (MS(n)) was achieved simultaneously. Using this method, eight fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified samples of chicken liver and muscle tissue with recoveries at levels of 10-200 ng/g generally in the range of 60-93%, except for desethylene ciprofloxacin, which consistently gave recoveries >or=45%. Relative standard deviations were excellent in all cases, and the limits of detection in ng/g were determined as follows in liver and (muscle): desethylene ciprofloxacin 0.

Modeling Drug Residue Uptake by Eggs: Evidence of a Consistent Daily Pattern of Contaminant Transfer into Developing Preovulatory Yolks.

A study was conducted to determine if the chicken ovary deposits the pesticide lindane into preovulatory egg yolks in a daily pattern similar to that previously reported for both of the antibiotics ampicillin and oxytetracycline. Our laboratory has proposed that a variety of drugs or contaminants are deposited into preovulatory yolks in a consistent manner. This possibility of a consistent pattern of drug deposition in preovulatory yolks has been used as a foundation for a model which predicts the pattern of residues contained in laid eggs.

Incurred Arsenic Residues in Chicken Eggs.

Arsanilic acid and roxarsone were fed to laying hens at elemental arsenic concentrations of 14, 28, 56 or 112 ppm for 10 weeks followed by a 2-week withdrawal period. Arsenic residues in egg components of laying hens that were fed either control or diets treated with organic arsenicals were determined weekly by atomic absorption. Arsenic concentrations in eggs were also determined after either 0, 2 or 4 weeks of refrigerated storage (4°C).