Adaptation to visual sparsity enhances responses to isolated stimuli.

Sensory systems adapt their response properties to the statistics of their inputs. For instance, visual systems adapt to low-order statistics like mean and variance to encode stimuli efficiently or to facilitate specific downstream computations. However, it remains unclear how other statistical features affect sensory adaptation.

Humans can use positive and negative spectrotemporal correlations to detect rising and falling pitch.

To discern speech or appreciate music, the human auditory system detects how pitch increases or decreases over time. However, the algorithms used to detect changes in pitch, or pitch motion, are incompletely understood. Here, using psychophysics, computational modeling, functional neuroimaging, and analysis of recorded speech, we ask if humans can detect pitch motion using computations analogous to those used by the visual system.

Unhoused and Injured: Injury Characteristics and Outcomes in Unhoused Trauma Patients.

Introduction: The unhoused population is known to be at high risk for traumatic injury. However, there are scarce data regarding injury patterns and outcomes for this patient group. This study aims to investigate any differences in injury characteristics and hospital outcomes between unhoused and housed patients presenting with traumatic injuries.

Broken time reversal symmetry in visual motion detection.

Our intuition suggests that when a movie is played in reverse, our perception of motion in the reversed movie will be perfectly inverted compared to the original. This intuition is also reflected in many classical theoretical and practical models of motion detection. However, here we demonstrate that this symmetry of motion perception upon time reversal is often broken in real visual systems.

Optimization in Visual Motion Estimation.

Sighted animals use visual signals to discern directional motion in their environment. Motion is not directly detected by visual neurons, and it must instead be computed from light signals that vary over space and time. This makes visual motion estimation a near universal neural computation, and decades of research have revealed much about the algorithms and mechanisms that generate directional signals.

Back on the Streets: Examining Emergency Department Return Rates for Unhoused Patients Discharged After Trauma.

Background: The unhoused population is at high risk for traumatic injuries and faces unique challenges in accessing follow-up care. However, there is scarce data regarding differences in Emergency Department (ED) return rates and reasons for return between unhoused and housed patients.

Methods: We conducted a 3-year retrospective cohort study at a level-1 trauma center in a large metropolitan area.

Neural mechanisms to incorporate visual counterevidence in self-movement estimation.

In selecting appropriate behaviors, animals should weigh sensory evidence both for and against specific beliefs about the world. For instance, animals measure optic flow to estimate and control their own rotation. However, existing models of flow detection can be spuriously triggered by visual motion created by objects moving in the world.

Direct comparison reveals algorithmic similarities in fly and mouse visual motion detection.

Evolution has equipped vertebrates and invertebrates with neural circuits that selectively encode visual motion. While similarities in the computations performed by these circuits in mouse and fruit fly have been noted, direct experimental comparisons have been lacking. Because molecular mechanisms and neuronal morphology in the two species are distinct, we directly compared motion encoding in these two species at the algorithmic level, using matched stimuli and focusing on a pair of analogous neurons, the mouse ON starburst amacrine cell (ON SAC) and T4 neurons.

Long-timescale anti-directional rotation in optomotor behavior.

Locomotor movements cause visual images to be displaced across the eye, a retinal slip that is counteracted by stabilizing reflexes in many animals. In insects, optomotor turning causes the animal to turn in the direction of rotating visual stimuli, thereby reducing retinal slip and stabilizing trajectories through the world. This behavior has formed the basis for extensive dissections of motion vision.

The impact of rounds with a psychiatry team in the intensive care unit: A prospective observational pilot study evaluating the effects on delirium incidence and outcomes.

Background: Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a common but serious condition that has been associated with in-hospital mortality and post-discharge psychological dysfunction. The aim of this before and after study is to determine the effect of a multidisciplinary care model entailing daily ICU rounds with a psychiatrist on the incidence of delirium and clinical outcomes.

Objective: To assess the impact of a proactive psychiatry consultation model in the surgical ICU on the incidence and duration of delirium.

Neural mechanisms to incorporate visual counterevidence in self motion estimation.

In selecting appropriate behaviors, animals should weigh sensory evidence both for and against specific beliefs about the world. For instance, animals measure optic flow to estimate and control their own rotation. However, existing models of flow detection can confuse the movement of external objects with genuine self motion.

Long timescale anti-directional rotation in Drosophila optomotor behavior.

Locomotor movements cause visual images to be displaced across the eye, a retinal slip that is counteracted by stabilizing reflexes in many animals. In insects, optomotor turning causes the animal to turn in the direction of rotating visual stimuli, thereby reducing retinal slip and stabilizing trajectories through the world. This behavior has formed the basis for extensive dissections of motion vision.

Disparities in Care Among Gunshot Victims: A Nationwide Analysis.

Introduction: Given the well-known healthcare disparities most pronounced in racial and ethnic minorities, trauma healthcare in underrepresented patients should be examined, as in-hospital bias may influence the care rendered to patients. This study seeks to examine racial differences in outcomes and resource utilization among victims of gunshot wounds in the United States.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) conducted from 2007 to 2017.

Odour motion sensing enhances navigation of complex plumes.

Odour plumes in the wild are spatially complex and rapidly fluctuating structures carried by turbulent airflows. To successfully navigate plumes in search of food and mates, insects must extract and integrate multiple features of the odour signal, including odour identity, intensity and timing. Effective navigation requires balancing these multiple streams of olfactory information and integrating them with other sensory inputs, including mechanosensory and visual cues.

Feature maps: How the insect visual system organizes information.

A new study explores how a population of neurons in the insect brain responds to different features of visual scenes and discovers an unusual topographic map that organizes the information they encode.

Excitatory and inhibitory neural dynamics jointly tune motion detection.

Neurons integrate excitatory and inhibitory signals to produce their outputs, but the role of input timing in this integration remains poorly understood. Motion detection is a paradigmatic example of this integration, since theories of motion detection rely on different delays in visual signals. These delays allow circuits to compare scenes at different times to calculate the direction and speed of motion.

Predicting Unplanned Intensive Care Unit Admission for Trauma Patients: The CRASH Score.

Introduction: Unplanned transfer of trauma patients to the intensive care unit (ICU) carries an associated increase in mortality, hospital length of stay, and cost. Trauma teams need to determine which patients necessitate ICU admission on presentation rather than waiting to intervene on deteriorating patients. This study sought to develop a novel Clinical Risk of Acute ICU Status during Hospitalization (CRASH) score to predict the risk of unplanned ICU admission.

Neural mechanisms to exploit positional geometry for collision avoidance.

Visual motion provides rich geometrical cues about the three-dimensional configuration of the world. However, how brains decode the spatial information carried by motion signals remains poorly understood. Here, we study a collision-avoidance behavior in Drosophila as a simple model of motion-based spatial vision.

Identifying Inputs to Visual Projection Neurons in Lobula by Analyzing Connectomic Data.

Electron microscopy (EM)-based connectomes provide important insights into how visual circuitry of fruit fly computes various visual features, guiding and complementing behavioral and physiological studies. However, connectomic analyses of the lobula, a neuropil putatively dedicated to detecting object-like features, remains underdeveloped, largely because of incomplete data on the inputs to the brain region. Here, we attempted to map the columnar inputs into the lobula neuropil by performing connectivity-based and morphology-based clustering on a densely reconstructed connectome dataset.

Parallel locomotor control strategies in mice and flies.

Our understanding of the neural basis of locomotor behavior can be informed by careful quantification of animal movement. Classical descriptions of legged locomotion have defined discrete locomotor gaits, characterized by distinct patterns of limb movement. Recent technical advances have enabled increasingly detailed characterization of limb kinematics across many species, imposing tighter constraints on neural control.

The impact of coronavirus 2019 on trauma.

Purpose Of Review: The relationship between trauma and the ongoing global coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still largely unclear. This comprehensive review of recent studies examining overall trauma volumes, mechanisms of injury, and outcomes after trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed to better understand the impact of the pandemic on trauma patients.

Recent Findings: In the early stages of the pandemic, the overall volumes of patients seen in many major trauma centers had decreased; however, these rates largely returned to historical baselines after the cessation of stay-at-home orders.

Shallow neural networks trained to detect collisions recover features of visual loom-selective neurons.

Animals have evolved sophisticated visual circuits to solve a vital inference problem: detecting whether or not a visual signal corresponds to an object on a collision course. Such events are detected by specific circuits sensitive to visual looming, or objects increasing in size. Various computational models have been developed for these circuits, but how the collision-detection inference problem itself shapes the computational structures of these circuits remains unknown.

A metabolic daylength measurement system mediates winter photoperiodism in plants.

Plants have served as a preeminent study system for photoperiodism due to their propensity to flower in concordance with the seasons. A nearly singular focus on understanding photoperiodic flowering has prevented the discovery of other photoperiod measuring systems necessary for vegetative health. Here, we use bioinformatics to identify photoperiod-induced genes in Arabidopsis.

Predicting individual neuron responses with anatomically constrained task optimization.

Artificial neural networks trained to solve sensory tasks can develop statistical representations that match those in biological circuits. However, it remains unclear whether they can reproduce properties of individual neurons. Here, we investigated how artificial networks predict individual neuron properties in the visual motion circuits of the fruit fly Drosophila.