Discovery of Novel TULP4/ACTN4/EWSR1/ACTB::MYB and ESRRG::DNM3 Fusions Expands Molecular Landscape of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Beyond Fusions Between MYB/MYBL1 and NFIB Genes.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is one of the most common salivary gland malignancies and occurs in all major and minor salivary gland and seromucous gland sites. AdCCs of salivary gland origin have long been categorized as fusion-defined carcinomas owing to the almost consistent presence of fusion genes MYB::NFIB, or less commonly MYBL1::NFIB. We collected a cohort of 95 cases of AdCC, which were largely characterized by canonical fusions MYB::NFIB (49 cases) or MYBL1::NFIB (9 cases).

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Serological and Immunohistochemical Diagnosis.

This review deals with serologic and immunohistochemical tumor markers used in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumors. Time tested serologic markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase are routinely used in the work-up of patients with testicular tumors. Professional organizations regulating the practice of medicine in most countries worldwide require that the laboratory values for these serologic reactants be included in the pathology reports on testicular tumors as part of the tumor staging process.

Right Ventricular Heart Failure from a Cardiac Yolk Sac Tumor.

BACKGROUND Cardiac involvement by a malignant tumor is rare. However, this is a case of right heart failure due to cardiac metastasis from a yolk sac tumor. Although a few case reports of cardiac metastasis from yolk sac tumors have been published, to our knowledge this is the first instance of multiple metastases to the right ventricular of yolk sac tumor in an adult male.

High-grade renal cell carcinoma with emperipolesis: Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic analysis of 14 cases.

Emperipolesis has recently been described as a constant feature of "biphasic squamoid" papillary renal cell carcinoma (BPRCC). We also noticed this in some high-grade (HG) RCC, which promoted the present study to estimate the incidence of emperipolesis in RCCs and to describe them in further detail. 14 cases of HGRCC showing emperipolesis were retrieved from our registry.

Teratomas produced from human pluripotent stem cells xenografted into immunodeficient mice - a histopathology atlas.

This atlas illustrates the microscopic features of tumors produced from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) xenografted into immunosuppressed mice, according to the generally accepted protocols for performing this teratoma assay of stem cell pluripotency. Microphotographs depict various hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissues derived from all three embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). The appearance of persistent hPSC in teratomas is also described with special emphasis on the morphogenesis of embryoid bodies and yolk sac components surrounding them.

Pluripotent human stem cells: Standing on the shoulders of giants.

The advent of human pluripotent stem cells, with the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells in 1998, and of human induced pluripotent stem cells in 2007, has ushered in an era of considerable excitement about the prospects of using these cells to develop new opportunities for healthcare, from their potential for regenerative medicine to their use as tools for studying the cellular basis of many diseases and the discovery of new drugs. But as with the flowering of many new areas in science, the biology of human pluripotent stem cells has its roots in a long history of, sometimes, less fêted research. In a period when research funding is frequently driven by a desire to meet specific clinical or economic goals, it is salutary to remember that the opportunities offered by human pluripotent stem cells have their origins in curiosity driven research without any of those goals in mind.

Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Causing Cardiorespiratory Failure.

Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma is an uncommon malignancy usually involving the sinonasal area. We report an unusual case of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma diagnosed in a 62-year-old Caucasian male who died of progressive cardiorespiratory failure but had no clinically detectable upper respiratory system lesions. The initial diagnosis was made cytologically on a sample of pericardial fluid that contained neoplastic lymphoid cells.

Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: a study of 25 cases with confirmation of frequent association with visceral malignancies.

Aims: Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare primary splenic tumour that is frequently associated with internal malignancies. Immunohistochemistry can demonstrate a distinct hybrid endothelial-histiocytic phenotype of littoral cells, and is a helpful adjunct for making the correct diagnosis. The aims of this study were to present a series of 25 LCAs, with an emphasis on the frequent association of the neoplasm with visceral malignancies, and to provide a detailed immunohistochemical analysis by employing new markers.

Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary gland: A new tumor entity.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described low-grade malignant tumor of the salivary glands, biologically and morphologically equivalent to secretory breast carcinoma. We give a brief overview of this new entity, including morphological, immunohistochemical, molecular-genetic, clinical, epidemiologic features, differential diagnosis, and outcome results.

Biphasic Squamoid Alveolar Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Distinctive Subtype of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma?

Biphasic squamoid alveolar renal cell carcinoma (BSARCC) has been recently described as a distinct neoplasm. Twenty-one cases from 12 institutions were analyzed using routine histology, immunohistochemistry, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Tumors were removed from 11 male and 10 female patients, whose age ranged from 53 to 79 years.

Apoptosis and failure of checkpoint kinase 1 activation in human induced pluripotent stem cells under replication stress.

Background: Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells have the ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation similarly to human embryonic stem (hES) cells. We have recently shown that hES cells under replication stress fail to activate checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1). They instead commit to apoptosis, which appears to be a primary defense mechanism against genomic instability.

Do glucagonomas always produce glucagon?

Pancreatic islet α-cell tumours that overexpress proglucagon are typically associated with the glucagonoma syndrome, a rare disease entity characterised by necrolytic migratory erythema, impaired glucose tolerance, thromboembolic complications and psychiatric disturbances. Paraneoplastic phenomena associated with enteric overexpression of proglucagon-derived peptides are less well recognized and include gastrointestinal dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. The diverse clinical manifestations associated with glucagon-expressing tumours can be explained, in part, by the repertoire of tumorally secreted peptides liberated through differential post-translational processing of tumour-derived proglucagon.

Does everything a surgeon takes out have to be seen by a pathologist? A review of the current pathology practice.

Histopathologic examination of surgically removed tissues and organs is an important aspect of modern hospital quality health care. Most surgical specimens deserve to be submitted for pathologic examination, which may yield valuable new information relevant for the future treatment of the patient. A small number of specimens, recognized as providing limited or no valuable clinical data during pathologic examination, may be placed on the list of specimens "exempt from submission" or those that are labeled as "for gross examination only.

Regulated cell death in diagnostic histopathology.

Regulated cell death (RCD) is a controlled cellular process, essential for normal development, tissue integrity and homeostasis, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various conditions including developmental and immunological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In this review, we briefly discuss the historical perspective and conceptual development of RCD, we overview recent classifications and some of the key players in RCD; finally we focus on current applications of RCD in diagnostic histopathology.

Development of Teratocarcinomas and Teratomas in Severely Immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/Szj (NSG) Mice.

The embryonic portion of 7-day-old mouse embryos transplanted to extrauterine sites of syngeneic adult animals gives rise to teratoid tumors, which may be either benign [teratomas (T)] or malignant [teratocarcinomas (TC)]. The incidence of embryo-derived TC varies from one mouse strain to another, indicating that some strains are TC-permissive whereas others are relatively TC-nonpermissive. Embryos of a TC-permissive mouse strain (DBA/2J) and a TC-nonpermissive one (C57BL/6J) were transplanted into NOD.

Gangliocytic paraganglioma of duodenum metastatic to lymph nodes and liver and extending into the retropancreatic space.

Gangliocytic paraganglioma (GP) is a rare benign neuroendocrine tumour found most often in the duodenum. To our knowledge, only a dozen cases of possibly malignant duodenal GP with local lymph node metastasis and only one case with liver metastasis have previously been published. Herein, we report an unusual case of GP of the duodenum spreading to the retropancreatic space and metastatic to the liver and lymph nodes.

Testicular germ cell tumors and related research from a historical point of view.

In this brief overview of the history of testicular germ cell tumors, we touch upon the key events and personalities that have contributed to our current understanding of germ cell tumors in general, and those of the testis in particular. The intricacies of human germ cell tumor pathology and histogenesis have been elucidated in part by contributions in the field of experimental pathology and developmental biology. Correlation between clinical oncologic findings, pathology and experimental studies of germ cell tumors and related topics ushered the era of cellular and genetic engineering that have revolutionized contemporary cell and molecular biology.

Above the borderland between normal and neoplastic development.

This dialogue between the Editor-in-Chief of the Int. J. Dev.