Inhibition of food intake in response to intestinal lipid is mediated by cholecystokinin in humans.

Intraduodenal fat inhibits gastric emptying and exerts early satiation in animals and humans, but it is not clear whether the effects are mediated by cholecystokinin (CCK) in humans. Here, we tested whether CCK-A receptors mediate the inhibition of fat on food intake. Two sequential, double-blind, crossover studies were performed in 24 male subjects.

Acute effect of pretreatment with single conventional dose of salmeterol on dose-response curve to oxitropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: An earlier study documented that, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), addition of ipratropium bromide at the clinically recommended dose (40 microg) does not produce any further bronchodilation than that achieved with salmeterol 50 microg alone. However, the dose of ipratropium bromide needed to produce near maximal bronchodilation is several times higher than the customary dosage. The full therapeutic potential of combined salmeterol plus an anticholinergic drug can therefore only be established using doses higher than those currently recommended in the marketing of these agents.

Incremental benefit of adding oxitropium bromide to formoterol in patients with stable COPD.

The effects of the long-acting beta(2)-agonist formoterol, the anticholinergic drug oxitropium bromide, and their combination were compared in 16 patients with partially reversible stable COPD. On each of 4 study days patients inhaled both drugs separated by 180 min in alternate sequence, with formoterol being administered in two doses (formoterol 12 microg + oxitropium bromide 200 microg; oxitropium bromide 200 microg + formoterol 12 microg; formoterol 24 microg + oxitropium bromide 200 microg; oxitropium bromide 200 microg + formoterol 24 microg). FEV(1)and FVC were measured baseline and after 30, 60, 120, 180, 210, 240, 300 and 360 min.

A study on bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in subjects with untreated autoimmune hyperthyroidism.

Because hyperthyroidism can mimic respiratory disorders with dyspnoea, this study was carried out in order to determine whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness is more frequent in hyperthyroid patients versus controls. Eighteen nonatopic subjects with newly-diagnosed untreated Graves' disease and 18 control subjects entered the study. All subjects underwent an aspecific bronchial provocation test with methacholine.

Effects of spiroglumide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, on acid secretion in humans.

Background: A gastrin receptor antagonist, CR2194 (spiroglumide), was used to explore the physiological role of gastrin in regulating gastric acid secretion in humans.

Materials And Methods: The effect of CR2194 on inhibition of gastrin-stimulated acid output was evaluated in a four-period crossover study. Each subject received intravenous doses of 1, 2.

Fatty acid chain length determines cholecystokinin secretion and effect on human gastric motility.

Background & Aims: Fatty acids induce cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion and modify gastric motility, but the chain length requirements for these effects are not known. Nor is it clear whether the effects of fatty acids on gastric motility in humans are CCK mediated or directly exerted. The aim of this study was to determine the role of fatty acyl chain length in CCK secretion and in influencing gastric motility.

Association of persistent bronchial hyperresponsiveness with beta2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) haplotypes. A population study.

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a hallmark of asthma and represents a strong risk factor for the disease. However, not all asthmatics have BHR and it can be observed in normal subjects too, probably because of genetic predisposition. Increasing attention is being focused on the beta2-adrenoceptor gene (ADRB2), whose genetic variability at amino acids 16 and 27 has been shown to correlate with some clinical features of asthma, including airways reactivity.

Endogenous cholecystokinin in postprandial lower esophageal sphincter function and fundic tone in humans.

Transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations (TLESRs) are the main underlying mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux. Although CCK acts through CCK-A receptors to increase the TLESRs induced by gastric distension, the respective roles of endogenous CCK and fundic tone in triggering postprandial TLESRs remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the CCK-A receptor antagonist, loxiglumide, on postprandial LES function and fundic tone in humans.

Sensitization to cockroach allergens in a sample from the urban population living in Naples (southern Italy).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of allergic sensitization to cockroach allergens in a group of atopic patients living in the urban area of Naples. Four hundred and fourteen consecutive patients were submitted to the following diagnostic procedures: anamnestic data; clinical examination; and skin prick test by using a standardized pricker and allergenic extracts, one of which contained a mix of whole bodies of Blattella orientatis, Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana. The evaluation of cockroach serum specific IgE antibodies was carried out in the 19 patients (4.

Involvement of cholecystokininA receptors in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations triggered by gastric distension.

Objective: Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are the main mechanism underlying gastroesophageal reflux. In the present study we evaluated the effect of loxiglumide, a specific cholecystokininA (CCKA)-receptor antagonist, on the occurrence of TLESRs evoked by gastric distension.

Methods: Eight healthy subjects underwent esophageal manometry using a 10-lumen sleeve assembly during placebo or loxiglumide (10 mg/kg/h) in a randomized double-blind order.

Endogenous cholecystokinin enhances postprandial gastroesophageal reflux in humans through extrasphincteric receptors.

Background & Aims: Exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) decreases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and increases transient LES relaxations (TLESRs) in humans. The aims of this study were to determine whether endogenous CCK increases gastroesophageal reflux in humans and whether this is a direct effect on the LES.

Methods: Esophageal pH, LES pressure, and gallbladder volume were measured in 8 healthy volunteers after ingestion of a 181-kcal meal alone or adding 12 g cholestyramine to increase endogenous CCK release.

Asthma in pregnant patients: pathophysiology and management.

Epidemiological studies have shown that approximately 1-4% of pregnancies are complicated by bronchial asthma, but these percentages are likely to be substantially underestimated because, in many cases, the condition will be undiagnosed, just as in the nonpregnant population. Undertreatment of pregnant asthmatics especially owing to unfounded fears of adverse pharmacological effects on the developing foetus, remains the major problem. Several studies have demonstrated that severe, uncontrolled asthma may produce serious maternal and foetal complications; consequently pregnant females with severe asthma must be considered at a particularly high risk.

Small bowel transit of a bran meal residue in humans: sieving of solids from liquids and response to feeding.

Background: Ileal motor patterns are adapted to the propulsion of viscous meal residue, such as bran, which accumulates in the distal ileum postprandially.

Aims: To examine the effects of a second liquid/solid meal on ileal emptying.

Subjects And Methods: Eleven healthy fasting subjects consumed a 1.

Different actions of CCK on pancreatic and gastric growth in the rat: effect of CCK(A) receptor blockade.

1. It is now well established that cholecystokinin (CCK) has a major physiological role in the regulation of pancreatic secretion and gastro-intestinal (GI) motility. Both these actions are mediated by stimulation of CCK(A)-receptors located on pancreatic acini and GI smooth muscle cells.

MICA exon 5 microsatellite typing by DNA heteroduplex analysis: a new polymorphism in the transmembrane region.

MICA (MHC class I chain-related gene A) is localized 47 kb upstream from HLA-B on the short arm of chromosome 6. It has been postulated that MICA protein folds similarly to the class I chain and may have the capacity to bind short ligands. Short tandem repeats (STR) within the transmembrane (TM) region of this gene have been described and five alleles consisting of 4 to 9 GCT codons, each encoding an alanine residue have been defined.

Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of liquid gastric emptying and gastric motility in humans: studies with the CCK antagonist loxiglumide.

Background: Exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits antral motility and slows gastric emptying (GE) but the effect of endogenous CCK on the gastric motor mechanisms responsible for GE remains unclear.

Methods: The effect of the CCK-A antagonist loxiglumide (LOX) on GE and motility was studied using magnetic resonance imaging in six healthy volunteers after ingestion of 500 ml Intralipid 10% (550 kcal). Subjects were studied in the supine position on two occasions during intravenous infusion of LOX (66 mumol/kg/h for 10 min followed by 22 mumol/kg/h) or placebo.

Repetitive DNA sequences as an insight into Aeglidae (Crustacea, Anomura) evolution.

The evolutionary relationships of five Atlantic Aeglidae species (Aegla neuquensis affinis, A. humahuaca, A. jujuyana, A.

Cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonists: therapies for gastrointestinal disorders.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide that exerts several regulatory functions in the periphery, as well as in the brain. The biological functions attributed to CCK are mediated by two receptor subtypes, termed CCKA and CCKB, located predominantly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in the brain, respectively. Several selective and potent non-petide CCKA receptor antagonists have been synthesised and fully characterised in preclinical studies.