An update on the knowledge and general understanding of the Chilean Diptera diversity.

Chilean flies play an important role in many aspects of phylogeny and evolution of Diptera given their uniqueness and direct link with the Gondwanan insect fauna. Many dipterists have considered the order to be one of the most diverse in Chile, but there are still many gaps of information to fill. This study updates the families, genera, and species known from Chile and addresses the evolutionary origin of most dipteran families-indicating which biogeographical layers they belong to.

Towards global insect biomonitoring with frugal methods.

None of the global targets for protecting nature are currently met, although humanity is critically dependent on biodiversity. A significant issue is the lack of data for most biodiverse regions of the planet where the use of frugal methods for biomonitoring would be particularly important because the available funding for monitoring is insufficient, especially in low-income countries. We here discuss how three approaches to insect biomonitoring (computer vision, lidar, DNA sequences) could be made more frugal and urge that all biomonitoring techniques should be evaluated for global suitability before becoming the default in high-income countries.

(Sauaia and Alves)-An Overview of a Model Organism in Genetics, with New Aspects in Morphology and Systematics.

(Sauaia & Alves, 1968) is a sciarid that has been continuously cultured in the laboratory for nearly 60 years. Studies on this species have contributed to the understanding of DNA puffs, which are characteristic of Sciaridae, and to the knowledge of more general aspects of insect biology, including cell death, nucleolar organization, and the role of the hormone ecdysone during molting. The genome of has now been sequenced, and it is the third publicly available sciarid genome.

The stridulatory organ in Opetiidae and Phoridae (Diptera) and phylogenetic implications for the evolution of higher flies.

Stridulatory sound-making organs evolved in a group of flies-the family Phoridae-by modifications of the microstructure of foreleg segments present in the shared ancestor of the clade (Phoridae + Opetiidae). The opetiids are the only group amongst the lower Cyclorrhapha in which plausible homologous structures could be found, though in a less derived condition. On the forefemur of Opetia there are numerous elongate, flattened microtrichia that in basal phorids are organized into a curved linear group (the scraper) which are scraped against a curved, ridged carina on the forecoxa (the file).

The oldest Gondwanan fossil of Leiinae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae): Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications.

A fossil Mycetophilidae from the Aptian Crato Formation-Cretomanota gondwanica gen. nov., sp.

Atlantic flower-invertebrate interactions: A data set of occurrence and frequency of floral visits.

Encounters between flowers and invertebrates are key events for the functioning of tropical forests. Assessing the structure of networks composed of the interactions between those partners leads to a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and the effects of environmental factors on ecological processes. Gathering such data is, however, costly and time-consuming, especially in the highly diverse tropics.

Vertical stratification of insect abundance and species richness in an Amazonian tropical forest.

Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest.

Two new species of Neotraginops Prado from Costa Rica and Brazil (Diptera: Odiniidae: Traginopinae).

Two new species of Neotraginops Prado (Neotraginops fachini sp. nov. and Neotraginops arikemi sp.

Four new Neotropical species of Loew (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae) from the Colombian high Andean ecosystems, with comments on the genus.

Four new species of the sciophiline genus Loew are described for the Eastern and Central Andes of Colombia- , , and . These are the first species of described from the extreme northern range of the Andes. The altitudinal distribution of these species in the paramos and high Andean forest ecosystems is restricted to 1750-3660 m a.

Endemism within endemism: a new species of Austroleptis Hardy, 1920 (Diptera: Austroleptidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest highlands.

A third species of the southern temperate tabanomorph genus Austroleptis Hardy, 1920 (Diptera: Austroleptidae)-A. camposgerais sp. nov.

Cretaceous and Eocene fossils of the rare extant genus Synneuron Lundstrom (Diptera: Canthyloscledidae): evidence of a true Pangean clade.

The first two fossil species of the canthyloscelid genus Synneuron are described based on compression wings. Synneuron eomontana sp. nov.

Psectrosciara Kieffer in Mexico (Diptera: Scatopsidae): two new species and additional records for the genus.

Two new species of Psectrosciara Kieffer from Mexico-Psectrosciara ahuatla sp. nov. and Psectrosciara otumba sp.

A catalog of Anisopodidae (Diptera) from Chile.

A catalog of the Anisopodidae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, summing up five species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references.

Revision of the Neotropical Rondani (Diptera, Mycetophilidae, Sciophilinae): two new species, a new combination, and a new synonym.

We describe two new Neotropical species of Rondani from the high Central Andes of Colombia, and The holotype of Lane actually is a species of and a new combination is proposed. Our examination of the holotype of Lane from southeastern Brazil shows this species to be a synonym of (Lane), which is formally proposed here. is redescribed.

Notes on Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with description of two new species.

Two new species, Manota williamsi sp. n. and Manota kerri sp.

A contribution to the systematics of the genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Brazil.

A total of 286 male specimens of Manota from 38 different collecting sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were analysed. They belong to 32 different species, including 20 described as new to science and 12 recognized as previously described species. The new species are M.

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site.

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site.

Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest: Why inventory is a vital science.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month.

First two species of Austroleptis Hardy (Diptera: Brachycera: Austroleptidae) from Brazil.

Two new species of the genus Austroleptis Hardy, so far known only from Australia and Chile, are described from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest-A. longirostris nov. sp.

New species and new records of Williston from Colombia, Brazilian Amazonia, and Costa Rica (Diptera, Mycetophilidae).

The following five species are described as new: (Colombia), (Colombia), (Costa Rica), (Colombia) and (Colombia). In addition, new records for the following 11 species are presented: Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Colombia, Brazilian Amazonia, Costa Rica), Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017 (Brazilian Amazonia), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Colombia, Costa Rica), Hippa & Kurina, 2013 (Brazilian Amazonia), Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Colombia) and Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005 (Costa Rica). Distribution patterns include (1) species known only locally in Costa Rica or Colombia, (2) distributions connecting Central America to west Andes lowlands, and (3) north-west Neotropical components, extending from Central America to Brazilian Amazonia.

The first phylogenetic study of Mesembrinellidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) based on molecular data: clades and congruence with morphological characters.

The Mesembrinellidae (Diptera: Oestroidea) comprise a small group of strictly Neotropical calyptrate flies, with 36 described species. The group has often been treated as a subfamily of Calliphoridae, but there is growing evidence that it corresponds to a distinct Oestroidea lineage. Internal relationships have so far been addressed based only on morphology, with results lacking resolution and support.

Baby Killers: Documentation and Evolution of Scuttle Fly (Diptera: Phoridae) Parasitism of Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Brood.

Background: Numerous well-documented associations occur among species of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), but examples of brood parasitism are rare and the mechanisms of parasitism often remain unsubstantiated.

New Information: We present two video-documented examples of ant brood (larvae and pupae) parasitism by scuttle flies. In footage from Estação Biológica de Boracéia in Brazil, adult females of Borgmeier can be seen attacking workers of (Mayr) species group while they are carrying brood, and ovipositing directly onto brood in the nest.