Insights into the regulation mechanisms of dual hydrothermal treatment on the structure and digestive characteristics of A- and B-type wheat starch granules.

Hydrothermal treatment is a physical modification technology to alter starch structures for the production of resistant starch (RS). However, the underlying regulation mechanism of the multiscale structure and digestive properties of starch by dual hydrothermal synergistic treatment remains unclear. To solve this problem, A- and B-type wheat starch granules (AWS and BWS) were separated and subjected to toughening and heat-moisture synergistic treatment (THT) with various moisture content (10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 %).

Mechanism of multiscale structural reassembly controlled by molecular chains during amylase digestion of wheat starch.

The digestive characteristics of wheat starch (WS) are closely related to its structure. However, the mechanisms underlying the multiscale structural evolution and reassembly controlled by molecular chains during digestion are poorly understood. To address this issue, amylopectin of wheat starch (APWS) and amylose of wheat starch (AMWS) were separated and digested in vitro.

A- and B-type wheat starch granules: The multiscale structural evolution during digestion and the distinct digestion mechanisms.

The digestive characteristics of wheat starch are closely related to human health. However, the digestive mechanisms of distinct wheat starch granules are not well understood. To address this problem, A- and B-type wheat starch granules (AWS and BWS, respectively) were digested in vitro and the structural evolution of the digestive remnants was compared.

Structure Characterization and Dye Adsorption Properties of Modified Fiber from Wheat Bran.

The fibers from four wheat varieties (FT, XW 26, XW 45, and KW 1701) were selected and chemically modified with NaOH, epichlorohydrin, and dimethylamine to improve the adsorption capacity for anionic dye. The structure of the fibers with or without modification was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The modified products were studied from the aspects of adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics to provide a reference for the utilization of wheat bran.

Identification and map-based cloning of an EMS-induced mutation in wheat gene TaSP1 related to spike architecture.

A candidate gene TaSP1 related to spike shape was cloned, and the gene-specific marker was developed to efficiently track the superior haplotype in common wheat. Spike shape, an important factor that affects wheat grain yield, is mainly defined by spike length (SPL), spikelet number (SPN), and compactness. Zhoumai32 mutant 1160 (ZM1160), a mutant obtained from ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment of hexaploid wheat variety Zhoumai32, was used to identify and clone the candidate gene that conditioned the spike shape.

Characterization of Glutenin Genes in Bread Wheat by Third-Generation RNA Sequencing and the Development of a Marker Specific for the Extra Cysteine Residue.

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) in a mature grain play important roles in the formation of a glutenin macropolymer and gluten quality. To characterize the expressed glutenin genes of the bread wheat variety Xinmai 26 during seed development, a total of 18 full-length transcripts were obtained by the newly emerged third-generation RNA sequencing of the PacBio Sequel II platform, including 5 transcripts of HMW-GS genes and 13 transcripts of LMW-GS genes (8 intact genes and 5 pseudogenes). Combined with the patterns of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), allelic types of the obtained glutenin genes were, respectively, determined, wherein molecular characterization deduced by () and () indicated their great influence on dough quality.

Introgressing the Aegilops tauschii genome into wheat as a basis for cereal improvement.

Increasing crop production is necessary to feed the world's expanding population, and crop breeders often utilize genetic variations to improve crop yield and quality. However, the narrow diversity of the wheat D genome seriously restricts its selective breeding. A practical solution is to exploit the genomic variations of Aegilops tauschii via introgression.

Identification of QTLs and a Candidate Gene for Reducing Pre-Harvest Sprouting in - Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines.

Wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) causes serious losses in wheat yield. In this study, precise mapping was carried out in the chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) F population generated by a direct cross of Zhoumai 18 (PHS-sensitive) and accession T093 (highly PHS-resistant). Three -derived quantitative trait loci (QTLs), , , and , were detected on chromosome 3DL using four simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and 10 developed Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Two with Contrasting Drought Tolerance by RNA-Seq.

As the diploid progenitor of common wheat, is considered to be a valuable resistance source to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little has been reported concerning the molecular mechanism of drought tolerance in . In this work, the drought tolerance of 155 Ae.

Pm21 CC domain activity modulated by intramolecular interactions is implicated in cell death and disease resistance.

Nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) provide resistance against several plant pathogens. We previously cloned the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21, which encodes a coiled-coil (CC) NLR that confers broad-spectrum resistance against Blumeria graminis f. sp.

The complete chloroplast genomes of seventeen : genome comparative analysis and phylogenetic inference.

The D genome progenitor of bread wheat, Cosson (DD, 2n = 2x = 14), which is naturally distributed in Central Eurasia, ranging from northern Syria and Turkey to western China, is considered a potential genetic resource for improving bread wheat. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of 17 accessions were reconstructed. The cp genome sizes ranged from 135,551 bp to 136,009 bp and contained a typical quadripartite structure of angiosperms.

Development and Utilization of Introgression Lines Using Synthetic Octaploid Wheat ( × Hexaploid Wheat) as Donor.

As the diploid progenitor of common wheat, Cosson (DD, 2 = 2x = 14) is considered to be a promising genetic resource for the improvement of common wheat. In this work, we demonstrated that the efficiency of transferring segments to common wheat was clearly improved through the use of synthetic octaploid wheat (AABBDDDD, 2 = 8x = 56) as a "bridge." The synthetic octaploid was obtained by chromosome doubling of hybrid F ( T015 × common wheat Zhoumai 18).

An Advanced Backcross Population through Synthetic Octaploid Wheat as a "Bridge": Development and QTL Detection for Seed Dormancy.

The seed dormancy characteristic is regarded as one of the most critical factors for pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance. As a wild wheat relative species, is a potential genetic resource for improving common wheat. In this study, an advanced backcross population (201 strains) containing only segments was developed by means of synthetic octaploid wheat (hexaploid wheat Zhoumai 18 × T093).

Molecular Characterization and Variation of the Celiac Disease Epitope Domains among α-Gliadin Genes in Aegilops tauschii.

To explore the distribution and quantity of toxic epitopes in α-gliadins from Aegilops tauschii, a total of 133 complete α-gliadin coding sequences were obtained, including 69 pseudogenes with at least one premature stop codon and 64 genes with complete open reading frames (ORFs). Plenty of deletions and single amino acid substitutions were found in the 4 celiac disease (CD) toxic epitope domains through multiple alignments, in which the sequence of DQ2.5-glia-α2 demonstrated the most significant changes.

An acyltransferase gene that putatively functions in anthocyanin modification was horizontally transferred from Fabaceae into the genus .

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the flow of genetic materials to non-offspring, and occasionally HGT in plants can improve the adaptation of organisms in new niches due to expanded metabolic capability. Anthocyanins are an important group of water-soluble red, purple, or blue secondary metabolites, whose diversity results from modification after the main skeleton biosynthesis. is a stem holoparasitic genus, whose members form direct connection with hosts to withdraw water, nutrients, and macromolecules.

Flour Quality and Related Molecular Characterization of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Genes from Wild Emmer Wheat Accession TD-256.

To clarify the effect of high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) from wild emmer wheat on flour quality, which has the same mobility as that from common wheat, the composition and molecular characterization of HMW-GS from wild emmer wheat accession TD-256, as well as its flour quality, were intensively analyzed. It is found that the mobilities of Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 subunits from TD-256 are consistent with those of bread wheat cv. 'XiaoYan 6'.

Nonhomologous Chromosome Pairing in Aegilops-Secale Hybrids.

Intergeneric hybrids and amphidiploid hybrids from crosses of Aegilopstauschii and Secale cereale were produced using young embryo rescue. The hybrids showed complete sets of both parental chromosomes. The dihaploid plants showed an average meiotic pairing configuration of 10.

Root parasitic plant Orobanche aegyptiaca and shoot parasitic plant Cuscuta australis obtained Brassicaceae-specific strictosidine synthase-like genes by horizontal gene transfer.

Background: Besides gene duplication and de novo gene generation, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is another important way of acquiring new genes. HGT may endow the recipients with novel phenotypic traits that are important for species evolution and adaption to new ecological niches. Parasitic systems expectedly allow the occurrence of HGT at relatively high frequencies due to their long-term physical contact.