Listeners' perceptions of speech and language disorders.

Unlabelled: Using semantic differential scales with nine trait pairs, 445 adults rated five audio-taped speech samples, one depicting an individual without a disorder and four portraying communication disorders. Statistical analyses indicated that the no disorder sample was rated higher with respect to the trait of employability than were the articulation, voice, and language disorder conditions; and higher in self-esteem than the fluency, voice, and language disorders. In addition, there were differences among the disorders.

Administering stuttering modification therapy in school settings.

Stuttering modification techniques can be used effectively in the school setting. In fact, speech-language pathologists can use this environment to their advantage to address not only disfluency but also the emotional and behavioral aspects of stuttering. Toward this end, stuttering modification goals and techniques are outlined, with a discussion of how to adapt them to school environments.