Artificial intelligence and machine learning applications for the imaging of bone and soft tissue tumors.

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning offer numerous opportunities in musculoskeletal radiology to potentially bolster diagnostic accuracy, workflow efficiency, and predictive modeling. AI tools have the capability to assist radiologists in many tasks ranging from image segmentation, lesion detection, and more. In bone and soft tissue tumor imaging, radiomics and deep learning show promise for malignancy stratification, grading, prognostication, and treatment planning.

Imaging Diagnosis and Management of Carpal Trauma and Instability-An Illustrated Guide.

Understanding the subtle signs of carpal instability and other unique injury patterns in the wrist is a critical skill for radiologists. Proper patient management and outcomes are directly dependent on the accurate interpretation of wrist imaging studies. This review will provide a detailed overview of typical imaging features of carpal trauma and instability, management, and complications, using multimodality imaging and original medical illustrations.

Imaging of Musculoskeletal Soft-Tissue Infections in Clinical Practice: A Comprehensive Updated Review.

Musculoskeletal soft-tissue infections include a wide range of clinical conditions that are commonly encountered in both emergency departments and non-emergency clinical settings. Since clinical signs, symptoms, and even laboratory tests can be unremarkable or non-specific, imaging plays a key role in many cases. MRI is considered the most comprehensive and sensitive imaging tool available for the assessment of musculoskeletal infections.

Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast managed with neoadjuvant AIM: A case report.

Spindle cell carcinoma (SpC), also known as metaplastic carcinoma-spindle cell type, is a subtype of metaplastic carcinoma. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are rare but are thought to be more aggressive than invasive ductal carcinomas. Due to their rarity, there are few randomized trials that can inform any standardized approaches to treatment.

Illustrative review of knee meniscal tear patterns, repair and replacement options, and imaging evaluation.

This review article aims to reinforce anatomical concepts about meniscal tears while linking associated treatment options. The main teaching points start with the basic meniscal anatomy and key differences between the medial and lateral menisci. Subsequently, various meniscal tear patterns along with their associated history and physical exam findings will be discussed with corresponding illustrations and MR images.

Imaging Coccygeal Trauma and Coccydynia.

The coccygeal region has complex anatomy, much of which may contribute to or be the cause of coccyx region pain (coccydynia). This anatomy is well depicted at imaging, and management is often dictated by what structures are involved. Coccydynia is a common condition that is known to be difficult to evaluate and treat.

Horseshoe abscess of the hand with rice bodies secondary to mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection.

A horseshoe abscess is caused by infection that spreads between the flexor tendon sheath of the thumb or little finger through the radial and ulnar bursae through communication between the two and/or the space of Parona. We present a case of an 80-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who presented with 6 months of right hand and wrist soft tissue swelling, initially treated as a rheumatoid arthritis flare. MRI demonstrates the horseshoe abscess and after surgical irrigation and debridement with synovectomy, cultures demonstrated infection with mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI).

MR imaging of cartilage repair surgery of the knee.

Articular cartilage is a complex tissue with unique properties that are essential for normal joint function. Many processes can result in cartilage injury, ranging from acute trauma to degenerative processes. Articular cartilage lacks vascularity, and therefore most chondral defects do not heal spontaneously and may require surgical repair.

Coracoid process fractures: anatomy, injury patterns, multimodality imaging, and approach to management.

The coracoid process of the scapula is in close proximity to major neurovascular structures, including the brachial plexus and the axillary artery and vein. In addition, it serves as a major site of attachment for multiple tendons and ligaments about the shoulder. Isolated coracoid fractures are rare; however, they can be easily overlooked on routine shoulder radiographs.

Adhesive capsulitis: review of imaging findings, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options.

Adhesive capsulitis, commonly referred to as "frozen shoulder," is a debilitating condition characterized by progressive pain and limited range of motion about the glenohumeral joint. It is a condition that typically affects middle-aged women, with some evidence for an association with endocrinological, rheumatological, and autoimmune disease states. Management tends to be conservative, as most cases resolve spontaneously, although a subset of patients progress to permanent disability.

Fibular groove morphology and measurements on MRI: correlation with fibularis tendon abnormalities.

Purpose: Fibular (peroneal) groove morphology may influence fibularis tendon pathology, including tendinosis, tears, and luxation. The study goal was to evaluate the inter-reader agreement of morphologic characterization and measures of the fibular groove at two different levels on MRI and correlation with fibularis tendon pathology.

Materials And Methods: 47 ankle MRIs in patients without lateral ankle pain were reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists.

Detection of Traumatic Pediatric Elbow Joint Effusion Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine whether a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) trained on a dataset of limited size can accurately diagnose traumatic pediatric elbow effusion on lateral radiographs.

Materials And Methods: A total of 901 lateral elbow radiographs from 882 pediatric patients who presented to the emergency department with upper extremity trauma were divided into a training set (657 images), a validation set (115 images), and an independent test set (129 images). The training set was used to train DCNNs of varying depth, architecture, and parameter initialization, some trained from randomly initialized parameter weights and others trained using parameter weights derived from pretraining on an ImageNet dataset.

Musculoskeletal Pitfalls on Fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 PET-Computed Tomography: Pictorial Review.

A wide range of musculoskeletal processes can demonstrate increased uptake on PET-computed tomography (CT) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) F 18, including reactive, benign neoplastic, inflammatory, traumatic, posttreatment, and arthritic conditions that may mimic malignancy. In addition, physiologic causes of increased FDG uptake such as asymmetric muscle use and presence of brown fat can lead to increased FDG uptake and potential false-positive results. This article presents various case examples of non-malignant musculoskeletal hypermetabolism on 18F-FDG PET-CT and describes useful tools to avoid the potential pitfall of misinterpreting these as malignancy.

Imaging of soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare and a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Over the years imaging has played a crucial role in the initial staging, monitoring response to chemotherapy, and surveillance for recurrence. In the era of rapidly evolving individualized treatment due to evolving chemotherapies, increasing demand has been placed on the role of imaging in the management of this heterogeneous group.

Intra-articular tongue-type fractures of the calcaneus: anatomy, injury patterns, and an approach to management.

Intra-articular tongue-type fractures may develop skin breakdown and often require urgent surgical reduction and fixation. Recognition of the imaging findings, accurate interpretation, and timely communication may prevent devastating clinical outcomes including soft tissue coverage procedures and amputation. This article reviews the anatomy of the calcaneus, as well as the clinical presentation and imaging findings of intra-articular tongue-type fractures.

Acetabular labral tear description and measures of pincer and cam-type femoroacetabular impingement and interobserver variability on 3 T MR arthrograms.

Purpose: To evaluate the inter-rater agreement for description of labral tears and measures of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) on 3 T hip MR arthrography.

Materials And Methods: 53 hip MR arthrograms were reviewed by three musculoskeletal radiologists. Labral tears were described (Czerny classification) with extents recorded.

Isolated greater tuberosity fractures of the proximal humerus: anatomy, injury patterns, multimodality imaging, and approach to management.

The greater tuberosity is an important anatomic structure and its integrity is important for shoulder abduction and external rotation. Isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity are often subtle and may not be detected on initial radiographs. Clinically, these patients display symptoms which mimic a full thickness rotator cuff tear.

Scapulothoracic pathology: review of anatomy, pathophysiology, imaging findings, and an approach to management.

Symptomatic scapulothoracic disorders, including scapulothoracic crepitus and scapulothoracic bursitis are uncommon disorders involving the scapulothoracic articulation that have the potential to cause significant patient morbidity. Scapulothoracic crepitus is the presence of a grinding or popping sound with movement of the scapula that may or may not be symptomatic, while scapulothoracic bursitis refers to inflammation of bursa within the scapulothoracic articulation. Both entities may occur either concomitantly or independently.