Current Practices in Global/International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences: Home/Host Country or Site/Institution Considerations.

International outreach by schools and colleges of pharmacy is increasing. In this paper, we provide current practice guidelines to establish and maintain successful global/international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (G/I APPEs) with specific recommendations for home/host country and host site/institution. The paper is based on a literature review (2000-2014) in databases and Internet searches with specific keywords or terms.

Nasal administration of albuterol: an alternative route of delivery.

The use of metered-dose inhalers for the delivery of albuterol, a beta2-selective adrenergic agonist, is associated with drawbacks, especially in children and the elderly. This investigation was designed to assess the effectiveness of albuterol delivered intranasally and to compare this delivery route with intratracheal and intravenous delivery. Three parameters of pulmonary function (peak maximal expiratory flow, maximal expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity, and total lung capacity) in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated guinea pigs were used to determine the degree of protection produced by albuterol against bronchoconstrictor responses provoked by acetylcholine.

Testosterone 17beta-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride: A prodrug with a potential for nasal delivery of testosterone.

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of the nasal route for the systemic delivery of the poorly water-soluble drug testosterone (TS) using a water-soluble prodrug, TS 17beta-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride. The physicochemical properties of the prodrug, in vitro hydrolysis in human liver homogenate, and in vivo nasal and intravenous experiments were performed in rats. The aqueous solubility of the prodrug was more than 100 mg/mL, compared with 0.

Nasal absorption of ondansetron in rats: an alternative route of drug delivery.

Purpose: Ondansetron (OND) is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is used therapeutically for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer therapy. There is a need for nasal drug delivery in specific patient populations where the use of commercially available intravenous and oral dosage forms may be inconvenient and/or unfeasible.

Methods: OND (Zofran Injection, 2 mg/ml) was administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg to male Sprague-Dawley rats intravenously or intranasally (n = 3 in each group).

Sustained release from inert wax matrixes I: drug-wax combinations.

The melting and energy characteristics of several drug-wax combinations were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The phase diagrams of binary mixtures of tripelennamine hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride with carnauba wax and castor wax showed no eutectic formation and gave no indication that a significant interaction was involved. However, in tripelennamine mixtures, a slight depression in the drug melting point was observed at around 50% concentration.

Filtration rates of pharmaceutical suspension systems.

This study was undertaken to find it a correlation exists between the filtration rate and the Hu/Ho ratio. For this purpose, flocculated and coagulated structures of sulfamerazine were used. Suspension settling profiles and filtration rates, using additives and additive-free sulfamerazine suspensions, were studied.