One Health Approach of Enterococcal Population Structure and Antibacterial Resistance Along the Food Chain - Four PLADs, China, 2015-2022.

Introduction: Enterococci are considered opportunistic pathogens. However, they can serve as a reservoir of antibacterial resistance (ABR) traits and transfer these to humans through the food chain.

Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing were used to characterize the ABR and population structure of 488 enterococcal isolates recovered along the food chain from four provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) in China.

Relevance of genetic causes and environmental adaptation of Cronobacter spp. isolated from infant and follow-up formula production factories and retailed products in China: A 7-year period of continuous surveillance based on genome-wide analysis.

The possible contamination routes, environmental adaptation, and genetic basis of Cronobacter spp. in infant and follow-up formula production factories and retailed products in mainland China have been determined by laboratory studies and whole-genome comparative analysis in a 7-year nationwide continuous surveillance spanning from 2012 to 2018. The 2-year continuous multicenter surveillance of the production process (conducted in 2013 and 2014) revealed that the source of Cronobacter spp.

Concentration and health risk assessment of 16 rare earth elements in six types of tea in China.

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have been implicated in potential health effects. However, the health risk of REE exposure among tea drinkers in China remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the concentration of REEs in different tea categories and evaluate the associated health risks for tea consumers in China.

Regioselective -Trideuteromethylation of Tautomeric Polyaza Heterocycles.

Methods for regioselective -trideuteromethylation of tautomeric polyaza heterocycles are highly sought-after. Disclosed herein is an -trideuterated methylation reaction of imidazoles and pyrazoles with high regioselectivity and deuterium purity using easily available CFSOCD as the -CD source. This method enables the easy synthesis of important deuterium-labeled azoles, including dimetridazole-, ipronidazole-, hydroxy dimetridazole-, and ronidazole-.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic foods in 15 provinces, China, 2020.

Prevalent in marine, estuarine and coastal environments, Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the major foodborne pathogens which can cause acute gastroenteritis through consumption of contaminated food. This study encompassed antimicrobial resistance, molecular characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of 163 V. parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic foods across 15 provinces in China.

Optimization of Physical Refining Process of Camellia Oil for Reduction of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol (3-MCPD) Ester Formation Using Response Surface Methodology on a Laboratory Scale.

Refined and deodorized camellia oil has been reported to contain a high amount of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) due to the high-temperature deodorization step. To reduce 3-MCPDE in camellia oil, the physical refining process of camellia oil was simulated on a laboratory scale. Response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to modify and optimize the refining process with five processing parameters (water degumming dosage, degumming temperature, activated clay dosage, deodorization temperature and deodorization time).

Correlation Analysis of Microbial Contamination and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Raw Milk and Dairy Products.

Microbial contamination in raw milk and dairy products can detrimentally affect product quality and human health. In this study, the aerobic plate count, aerobic abundance, thermophilic aerobic abundance, and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in 435 raw milk, 451 pasteurized milk, and 617 sterilized milk samples collected from 13 Chinese provinces (or municipalities). Approximately 9.

Dietary Exposure Assessment of Rare Earth Elements in the Chinese Population.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely found in foods. A high intake of REEs may have associations with adverse effects on human health. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of REEs in foods in China and to assess the risk of dietary REEs exposure in the Chinese population.

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Residues in Chicken and Pork in China.

Antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones, have been exhaustively used in animal husbandry. However, very limited information on the occurrence and exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone residues in chicken and pork in China is available to date. Thus, a total of 1754 chicken samples and 1712 pork samples were collected from 25 provinces in China and tested by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for residual determination of six common fluoroquinolones.

Antimicrobial-Resistant Evolution and Global Spread of Clonal Complex (CC) 17: Progressive Change from Gut Colonization to Hospital-Adapted Pathogen.

For a long time, () was thought to be a commensal strain in human and animal digestive tracts. However, over the past three decades, some unique clones rapidly acquired multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which led these clones to survive hospital environments and become a hospital-adapted clonal complex (CC) 17. Since the adaptation of these clones to changes in habitat, vancomycin-resistant CC17 has emerged as the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide.

[Microbial contamination in dried fruit products in China in 2019].

Objective: To investigate the microbial contamination in dried fruit products in China.

Methods: In 2019, 2917 samples of dried fruit products on the market were collected, and examined for aerobic bacterial count, coliforms, molds, yeasts, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes according to the method specified in GB 4789.

Results: A total of 34.

The contamination and estimation of dietary intake for perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas in China.

The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were determined in a total of 278 samples of infant formulas marketed in China. The associated health risk via infant and young child formulas consumption for 0-36 month old children in China was also assessed. The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were measured by a validated method with LC-MS and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.

The China National Foodborne Pathogen Surveillance System: Twenty Years of Experience and Achievements.

National foodborne pathogen surveillance is a system that collects data regarding food contamination by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other harmful microbial factors. The surveillance data are used to understand the potential microbial risks in different categories of food and to provide science-based data for risk assessment and development of reference standards in the form of maximum limits. This review introduces stepwise expansion of the foodborne pathogen surveillance in China, relevant policies, function and duties of different organizations and institutions, surveillance plans, and quality control.

Occurrence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters in infant formulas in China and exposure assessment.

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and 2-MCPD esters in infant formulas have raised a number of food safety concerns. Here, a dietary exposure assessment was conducted for 3-and 2-MCPD esters in infant formulas available for consumption in Chinese infant and toddlers aged 0-3 years old. This work presents the occurrence data for 3-and 2-MCPD ester in 874 infant formulas purchased in China between 2015 and 2017.

[Application of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the preparation and certification of reference material of tenuazonic acid and tentoxin in wheat flour].

A method for the preparation and certification of the reference material of tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) in wheat flour was developed. This method provided methodological references to develop of standard material for analyzing alternaria toxins in grains. The wheat flour reference materials were based on wheat grains which were naturally contaminated with alternaria toxins.

Whole-Genome Sequencing and Machine Learning Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from Multiple Heterogeneous Sources in China Reveals Common Genetic Traits of Antimicrobial Resistance.

Staphylococcus aureus is a worldwide leading cause of numerous diseases ranging from food-poisoning to lethal infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found capable of acquiring resistance to most antimicrobials.

Spatial analysis of dietary exposure of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut oil in different areas of China.

Peanuts in China are heavily contaminated with aflatoxin, which pose a threaten to human health. To compare the dietary exposure risk of aflatoxins (AFT) in peanuts and peanut oil in different areas of China, the spatial distribution of AFT contamination levels in peanuts and peanut oil from different areas was analyzed. The dietary exposure was calculated by simple distributed risk assessment method before characterizing the health risk using both the margin of exposure (MOE) approach proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the quantitative liver cancer risk approach proposed by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

[Chloropropanol and glycidyl esters content in edible vegetable oils in China in 2015-2017].

Objective: To investigate the occurrence data for fatty acid esters of chloropropanol and glycidyl in edible vegetable oils purchased in China.

Methods: The 1309 samples of edible vegetable oil were collected and the data of chloropropanol and glycidyl were detected by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from 2015 to 2017.

Results: The detection rate of 3-monochloropropanediol esters in vegetable oils was 81.

Development and application of a comparative risk assessment method for ranking chemical hazards in food.

The aim of this study was to develop a comparative risk assessment method to prioritise the public health risks posed by chemical hazards in food. Through a literature review, and in light of expert opinions, a bottom-up, semi-quantitative scoring method was applied to screen the ranking metrics and assign a score. In addition, a metrics system and a ranking model were constructed.

Risk assessment and spatial analysis of deoxynivalenol exposure in Chinese population.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most commonly found mycotoxins across the world, and it mainly contaminates staple food crops. This study aims to evaluate the dietary exposure of DON and to provide a geographical profile of DON exposure in China. The concentrations of DON and its acetylated derivatives in 15,004 cereal samples (10,192 wheat flour, 1750 maize meal, 892 oat flakes, and 2170 polished rice) were collected from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities across China during 2010-2017, through a national food safety risk surveillance system.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in the commercial eggs in China.

Salmonellosis is a challenge to public health globally, and many infections have been principally linked to the consumption of contaminated eggs. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in commercial eggs and susceptibilities of isolates to a panel of 14 antimicrobial agents which were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) procedures. A total of 33,288 eggs (5548 pooled samples of six eggs) were collected across China in 2016 and the prevalence of Salmonella was 0.