Clinical Application to Improve the "Depth Perception Problem" by Combining Augmented Reality and a 3D Printing Model.

Unlabelled: In our experience with intraoperative evaluation and educational application of augmented reality technology, an illusion of depth has been a major problem. To improve this depth perception problem, we conducted two experiments combining various three-dimensional models and holograms and the observation angles using an augmented reality device.

Methods: In experiment 1, when observing holograms projected on the surface layer of the model (bone model) or holograms projected on a layer deeper than the model (body surface model), the observer's first impression regarding which model made it easier to understand positional relationships was investigated.

Clinical Applications of Meshed Multilayered Anatomical Models by Low-Cost Three-Dimensional Printer.

In recent years, even low-cost fused deposition modeling-type three-dimensional printers can be used to create a three-dimensional model with few errors. The authors devised a method to create a three-dimensional multilayered anatomical model at a lower cost and more easily than with established methods, by using a meshlike structure as the surface layer. Fused deposition modeling-type three-dimensional printers were used, with opaque polylactide filament for material.

Intraoperative 3-dimensional Projection of Blood Vessels on Body Surface Using an Augmented Reality System.

Preoperative understanding of the running pattern of blood vessels is an important factor to approach surgical fields safely. In 2 cases where the vascular abnormalities were estimated, we projected the blood vessels onto the surgical field using an augmented reality device HoloLens. A splint was made to allow the patient to be fixed while undergoing computed tomographic angiography.

Augmented Reality Technology for the Positioning of the Auricle in the Treatment of Microtia.

Background: The positioning of the auricle is a key factor in successful ear reconstruction. However, the position of the ear is usually determined by transferring the auricle image of the nonaffected side to the affected side using a transparent film. Augmented reality (AR) is becoming useful in the surgical field allowing computer-generated images to be superimposed on patients.

Three-dimensional Camera Imaging in Postoperative Evaluation of Distraction Osteogenesis.

Distraction osteogenesis needs to be regularly assessed in some way to monitor the degree of advancement. X-ray is used for the general evaluation of osteotomy. However, radiation exposure should be avoided.

Effective Application of Mixed Reality Device HoloLens: Simple Manual Alignment of Surgical Field and Holograms.

The technology used to add information to a real visual field is defined as augmented reality technology. Augmented reality technology that can interactively manipulate displayed information is called mixed reality technology. HoloLens from Microsoft, which is a head-mounted mixed reality device released in 2016, can display a precise three-dimensional model stably on the real visual field as hologram.

Telementoring Demonstration in Craniofacial Surgery With HoloLens, Skype, and Three-Layer Facial Models.

Background: Telementoring is the technology for providing surgical instruction from a remote place via a network. To demonstrate the use of telementoring in craniofacial surgery, Skype and a mixed reality device HoloLens were adopted, and 3-layer facial models had been developed.

Methods: A resident in hospital A used the model surgery under remote guidance by a mentor surgeon in hospital B 4 times on different dates.

Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Two-Layer Elastic Models of the Face.

To make three-dimensional computer-assisted elastic models for the face, we decided on five requirements: (1) an elastic texture like skin and subcutaneous tissue; (2) the ability to take pen marking for incisions; (3) the ability to be cut with a surgical knife; (4) the ability to keep stitches in place for a long time; and (5) a layered structure. After testing many elastic solvents, we have made realistic three-dimensional computer-assisted two-layer elastic models of the face and cleft lip from the computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging stereolithographic data. The surface layer is made of polyurethane and the inner layer is silicone.

Intraoperative Evaluation of Body Surface Improvement by an Augmented Reality System That a Clinician Can Modify.

Background: Augmented reality (AR) technology that can combine computer-generated images with a real scene has been reported in the medical field recently. We devised the AR system for evaluation of improvements of the body surface, which is important for plastic surgery.

Methods: We constructed an AR system that is easy to modify by combining existing devices and free software.