A Mouse Model for Infection with Enterovirus A71 in Small Extracellular Vesicles.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD); in some severe cases, it could develop into central nervous system (CNS) disease such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and neurogenic pulmonary edema in children under 5 years. The EV-A71 pathogenesis which is involved with the CNS is unclear due to the lack of a simple and reliable mouse model thus far. Most clinical EV-A71 isolates could not effectively infect the neonatal mouse, which used to be an EV-A71 infection model.

Exosomes cloak the virion to transmit Enterovirus 71 non-lytically.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a non-enveloped virus and it can be released from host cells through a traditional cytolytic manner. Now, we showed EV71 could be spread non-lytically between cells during early viral infection. In order to explain this phenomenon, we separated supernatant fluids of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells cultures infected with EV71 by isopycnic gradient centrifugation.

Exosomal MicroRNA-155 Inhibits Enterovirus A71 Infection by Targeting PICALM.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that is associated with neurological complications. Researchers have shown that exosomes containing host cellular microRNA (miRNA) can modulate the recipient's cellular response during viral infection. However, it is unclear how exosomal miRNAs regulate this response during EV-A71 infection.

Metformin Attenuates Neurological Deficit after Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Inhibiting Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Rats.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can lead to brain damage and even death, and there is lack of effective therapeutic methods for treating ICH. Although recent studies have focused on the administration of metformin in treating stroke, there is no literature to support whether it can be used to treat ICH. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of metformin on ICH and the underlying mechanisms of those effects.

Clinical significance of lymphocyte subset changes in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis of children.

In order to examine the role of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), 30 affected children during the acute period of the disease and 30 healthy children within the same age range were selected to test their peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets using flow cytometry and compare these subsets. At the same time, the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of 20 children with complete remission from HLH were compared to those of 10 cases who succumbed to the disease. The proportion of CD3 and CD8 T cells were increased in children during the acute period.

[Application of esmolol in severe hand, foot, and mouth disease].

Objective: To study the clinical effect and mechanism of action of esmolol in the treatment of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).

Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed. A total of 102 children with severe HFMD were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into conventional treatment and esmolol treatment groups (n=51 each).

[Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide in peripheral blood of children with hand, foot and mouth disease].

Objective: To investigate the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in peripheral blood of children with hand, foot and mouth disease and its significance.

Methods: According to the condition of the disease, 86 children with hand, foot and mouth disease were classified into phase 1 group (19 children) and phase 2 group (67 children). ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of plasma VIP, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in peripheral blood.

Ratios of CD64 expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes may be a novel method for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Introduction: Neutrophil CD64 expression has been demonstrated as an improved diagnostic marker of infection and sepsis. The purpose of this study was to develop a new method to evaluate neutrophil CD64 expression for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Methodology: Eighty neonates with neonatal sepsis (21 culture positive, 59 negative) were enrolled in this prospective study along with 19 neonates with no symptoms or signs of infection as controls.

Methionine synthase reductase A66G polymorphism and leukemia risk: evidence from published studies.

Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is required for the reductive methylation of cobalamin, which is the functional cofactorial form of methionine synthase (MS) in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. The MTRR A66G (rs1801394) polymorphism is found to be associated with decreased enzyme affinity for MTR, the gene that encodes MS, and has been widely investigated for cancer risk, including leukemia. However, the conclusions of epidemiological studies have always been contradictory.