The Efficacy of Low-Kilovoltage X-Rays Intraoperative Radiation as Boost for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a novel promising technology that may replace external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as boost for patients receiving breast-conserving surgery. To better evaluate the efficacy of IORT using low-kilovoltage (low-kV) X-rays as boost, we presented this meta-analysis according to the PRISMA checklist.

Methods: Studies reported survival outcomes of intraoperative radiation using low-kilovoltage X-rays system (Intrabeam®, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) as boost were identified through electronic bibliographic database: PUBMED.

Novel PET/CT tracers for targeted imaging of membrane receptors to evaluate cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue repair process in a rat model of myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study was to employ novel tracers PET imaging approach to define the time course and intensity of myocardial repair after apoptosis and to correlate the imaging signal to immunohistochemical staining in myocardial infarction (MI). We designed novel αβ-targeted and radio-functionalized tracers for detection of apoptosis in H9C2 cells and myocardial tissue. MI rats were imaged with [F]FDG, [F]ANP-Cin or [F]ANP-RGD using a small-animal PET/CT device.

Cell death PET/CT imaging of rat hepatic fibrosis with F-labeled small molecule tracer.

Purpose: To evaluate the potential feasibility of Al[F]F-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triaceticacid (NOTA)-tripolyethylene glycol (PEG)-Duramycin (Al[F]F-NOTA-PEG-Duramycin) positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of rat hepatic fibrosis.

Procedures: Hepatic fibrosis rat models were injected with thioacetamide (TAA), control rats received saline (n = 12 per group). Rats in the two groups underwent PET imaging using Al[F]F-NOTA-PEG-Duramycin and [F]FDG at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after TAA or saline treatment).

F-Trifluoromethylated D-Cysteine as a Promising New PET Tracer for Glioma Imaging: Comparative Analysis With MRI and Histopathology in Orthotopic C6 Models.

Comparing MRI and histopathology, this study aims to comprehensively explore the potential application of F-trifluoromethylated D-cysteine ([F]CF-D-CYS) in evaluating glioma by using orthotopic C6 glioma models. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats ( = 9) were implanted with C6 glioma cells. Tumor growth was monitored every week by multiparameter MRI [including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI)], [F]FDG, [F]CF-D-CYS, and [F]FDOPA PET imaging.

Biological Evaluation of [F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU as a Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

N-(2-[F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate ([F]FPGLU) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imaging has been performed in our previous studies, but its radiosynthesis method and stability need to be improved. Hence, we evaluated the synthesis and biological properties of a simple [F]-labeled glutamate analog, [F]AlF-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic-acid-2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-l-glutamate ([F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU), for HCC imaging. [F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was synthesized via a one-step reaction sequence from NOTA-NSC-GLU.

Propionic Acid-Based PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential value of 2-[F]fluoropropionic acid ([F]FPA) for PET imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) and to explore the relationship between [F]FPA accumulation and fatty acid synthase (FASN) levels in PCa models. The results of the first [F]FPA PET study of a PCa patient are reported.

Procedures: The LNCaP, PC-3 cell lines with high FASN expression, and DU145 cell lines with low FASN expression were selected for cell culture.

N-(2-F-fluoropropionyl)-l-glutamate as a potential oncology tracer for PET imaging of glioma.

N-(2-F-fluoropropionyl)-l-glutamate (F-FPGLU), a new N-substituted F-labeling l-glutamate, is a potential amino acid tracer for oncology PET imaging with good tumor-to-background contrast in several tumor-bearing mice. Herein, we evaluated the potential value of F-FPGLU for PET imaging of glioma in orthotopic glioma-bearing SD rats. A series of competitive inhibition experiments with various types of inhibitors were conducted with C6 cells to investigate the transport mechanism of F-FPGLU in glioma.

Targeting Phosphatidylethanolamine with Fluorine-18 Labeled Small Molecule Probe for Apoptosis Imaging.

Purpose: Externalization of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in dying cells makes the phospholipid an attractive target for apoptosis imaging. However, no ideal PE-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer was developed. The goal of the study was to develop a novel PE-targeted radiopharmaceutical to imaging apoptosis.

Synthesis of enantiopure F-trifluoromethyl cysteine as a structure-mimetic amino acid tracer for glioma imaging.

Although C-labelled sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) including L-methyl-[C]methionine and -[C]-methyl-L-cysteine, are attractive tracers for glioma positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, their applications are limited by the short half-life of the radionuclide C ( = 20.4 min). However, development of F-labelled SAAs (F, = 109.

Validation of R-2-[F]Fluoropropionic Acid as a Potential Tracer for PET Imaging of Liver Cancer.

Purpose: 2-[F]Fluoropropionic acid (RS-[F]FPA) has shown potential value as a short-chain fatty acid positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for the detection of liver cancer. However, RS-[F]FPA is a mixture of 2-R-[F]fluoropropionic acid (R-[F]FPA) and 2-S-[F]fluoropropionic acid (S-[F]FPA). The aim of this study is to validate the feasibility of R-[F]FPA in preclinical PET imaging of liver cancer and to compare the use of R-[F]FPA with that of RS-[F]FPA and S-[F]FPA.

PET Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinomas: F-Fluoropropionic Acid as a Complementary Radiotracer for F-Fluorodeoxyglucose.

Objective: To evaluate the preclinical value of F-fluoropropionic acid (F-FPA) and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging HCCs.

Methods: The F-FPA and F-FDG uptake patterns in 3 HCC cell lines (Hep3B, HepG2, and SK-Hep1) were assessed in vitro and in vivo. The F-FPA uptake mechanism was investigated using inhibition experiments with orlistat and 5-tetradecyloxy-2-furoic acid.

Apoptotic PET Imaging of Rat Pulmonary Fibrosis With [F]ML-8.

Objective: To investigate the value of 2-(3-[F]fluoropropyl)-2-methyl-malonic acid ([F]ML-8) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of rat pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups, including pulmonary fibrosis model group and control group. The rat model was established by an intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM).

Apoptotic PET Imaging of Rat Pulmonary Fibrosis with Small-Molecule Radiotracer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the potential utility of small-molecule apoptotic radiotracer, 2-(5-[F]fluoropentyl)-2-methyl malonic acid ([F]ML-10), for positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) monitoring the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model.

Procedures: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis by means of bleomycin (BLM) administration; control rats received saline (n = 12 per group). PET/CT with [F]ML-10 and 2-deoxy-2-[F]fluoro-D-glucose ([F]FDG) was performed in two groups at different stages of pulmonary fibrosis.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Lesions pH Using C-Labeled Bicarbonate.

Objectives: As acid-base imbalance is involved in many pathological processes, the capability to image tissue pH alterations in the clinic could offer new ways to detect disease and respond to treatment. In this study, the authors show that tissue pH can be imaged in vivo with C-labeled bicarbonate (HCO) buffer and positron emission tomography (PET).

Methods: HCO was produced by on-column NaOH adsorption.

Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of N-(2-[F]fluoropropionyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine as a PET tracer for oncologic imaging.

Introduction: Several C and F labeled 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) analogues have been used for neurologic and oncologic diseases, especially for brain tumors and neuroendocrine tumors PET imaging. However, F-labeled N-substituted l-DOPA analogues have not been reported so far. In the current study, radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a new F-labeled l-DOPA analogue, N-(2-[F]fluoropropionyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine ([F]FPDOPA) for tumor PET imaging are performed.

Semi-automatic synthesis and biodistribution of N-(2-F-fluoropropionyl)-bis(zinc (II)-dipicolylamine) (F-FP-DPAZn2) for AD model imaging.

Background: Phosphatidylserine (PS)-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with labeled small-molecule tracer is a crucial non-invasive molecule imaging method of apoptosis. In this study, semi-automatic radiosynthesis and biodistribution of N-(2-F-fluoropropionyl)-bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine) (F-FP-DPAZn2), as a potential small-molecule tracer for PET imaging of cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, were performed.

Methods: F-FP-DPAZn2 was synthesized on the modified PET-MF-2V-IT-I synthesizer.

Automated synthesis of N-(2-[ F]Fluoropropionyl)-l-glutamic acid as an amino acid tracer for tumor imaging on a modified [ F]FDG synthesis module.

N-(2-[ F]Fluoropropionyl)-l-glutamic acid ([ F]FPGLU) is a potential amino acid tracer for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography. However, due to the complicated multistep synthesis, the routine production of [ F]FPGLU presents many challenging laboratory requirements. To simplify the synthesis process of this interesting radiopharmaceutical, an efficient automated synthesis of [ F]FPGLU was performed on a modified commercial fluorodeoxyglucose synthesizer via a 2-step on-column hydrolysis procedure, including F-fluorination and on-column hydrolysis reaction.

Simple and rapid radiosynthesis of N-F-labeled glutamic acid as a hepatocellular carcinoma PET tracer.

Introduction: We have reported that N-(2-F-fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate (F-FPGLU) showed good tumor-to-background contrast and F-FPGLU was prepared via complex multi-step reaction sequence; here, it is synthesized by a facile two-step reaction sequence. The objectives of this study are to synthesize F-FPGLU via a two-step reaction sequence and to evaluate the value of F-FPGLU in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma SMCC-7721 (HCC SMCC-7721).

Methods: F-FPGLU was synthetized from the precursor (2S)-dimethyl 2-(2-bromopropanamido)pentanedioate via the two-step on-column hydrolysis using a modified commercial FDG synthesizer.

Efficient automated synthesis of 2-(5-[F]fluoropentyl)-2-methylmalonic acid ([F]ML-10) on a commercial available [F]FDG synthesis module.

[F]ML-10 (2-(5-[F]fluoro-pentyl)-2-methylmalonic acid) is a small molecule positron emission tomography (PET) probe for apoptosis imaging. Automated synthesis of [F]ML-10 was developed by using two different purification methods through a direct saponification procedure on a modified commercial [F]Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose ([F]FDG) synthesizer. C18 purification method 1: The final [F]ML-10 solution containing ethanol was obtained with radiochemical yields of 60±5% (n=5) at the end of bombardment (EOB) and radiochemical purity of 98% in 35min.

Radiosynthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamine as a PET tracer for tumor imaging.

In this study, radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a new [18F]labeled glutamine analogue, N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamine ([18F]FPGLN) for tumor PET imaging are performed. [18F]FPGLN was synthesized via a two-step reaction sequence from 4-nitrophenyl-2-[18F]fluoropropionate ([18F]NFP) with a decay-corrected yield of 30 ± 5% (n=10) and a specific activity of 48 ± 10 GBq/μmol after 125 ± 5 min of radiosynthesis. The biodistribution of [18F]FPGLN was determined in normal Kunming mice and high uptake of [18F]FPGLN was observed within the kidneys and quickly excreted through the urinary bladder.

18F-FP-PEG2-β-Glu-RGD2: A Symmetric Integrin αvβ3-Targeting Radiotracer for Tumor PET Imaging.

Radiolabeled cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) peptides can be used for noninvasive determination of integrin αvβ3 expression in tumors. In this study, we performed radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a new 18F-labeled RGD homodimeric peptide with one 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (PEG2) linker on the glutamate β-amino group (18F-FP-PEG2-β-Glu-RGD2) as a symmetric PET tracer for tumor imaging. Biodistribution studies showed that radioactivity of 18F-FP-PEG2-β-Glu-RGD2 was rapidly cleared from blood by predominately renal excretion.

In Vivo Cancer Dual-Targeting and Dual-Modality Imaging with Functionalized Quantum Dots.

Unlabelled: Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), after surface modification to provide water solubility and biocompatibility, have a promising future in biomedical applications. In this study, a dual receptor-targeting dual-modality PET/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe was developed for accurate assessment of the pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting efficacy of QDs.

Methods: QDs were modified by β-Glu-RGD-BBN (RGD is arginine-glycine-aspartate acid, and BBN is bombesin) peptides and then labeled with (18)F via the 4-nitrophenyl-2-(18)F-fluoropropionate prosthetic group.

Molecular PET Imaging of Cyclophosphamide Induced Apoptosis with 18F-ML-8.

In this paper, a novel small-molecular apoptotic PET imaging probe, (18)F-ML-8 with a malonate motif structure, is presented and discussed. After study, the small tracer that belongs to a member of ApoSense family is proved to be capable of imaging merely apoptotic regions in the CTX treated tumor-bearing mice. The experimental result is further confirmed by in vitro cell binding assays and TUNEL staining assay.

Human Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of S-11C-Methyl-L-Cysteine Using Whole-Body PET.

Purpose: S-C-Methyl-L-cysteine (C-MCYS) is a recently developed amino acid PET tracer for tumor imaging. The present study estimated human radiation absorbed dose of C-MCYS in healthy volunteers based on whole-body PET imaging.

Methods: Five sequential whole-body PET scans were performed on 6 healthy volunteers after injection of C-MCYS.

Radiation dosimetry estimation of N-(2-[(18)F]fluoropropionyl)- L-glutamate based on the mice distribution data.

N-(2-[(18)F]fluoropropionyl)-l-glutamate([(18)F]FPGLU) was a recently developed potential amino acid tracer for tumor imaging with positron emission tomography-computer tomography (PET-CT). The absorbed and effective radiation doses resulting from the intravenous administration of [(18)F]FPGLU were estimated using biodistribution data from normal mice. The methodology recommended by Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee (MIRD) was used to estimate the doses.