On Negative Heritability and Negative Estimates of Heritability.

We consider the problem of interpreting negative maximum likelihood estimates of heritability that sometimes arise from popular statistical models of additive genetic variation. These may result from random noise acting on estimates of genuinely positive heritability, but we argue that they may also arise from misspecification of the standard additive mechanism that is supposed to justify the statistical procedure. Researchers should be open to the possibility that negative heritability estimates could reflect a real physical feature of the biological process from which the data were sampled.

Work status and work ability after radical prostatectomy or active surveillance for prostate cancer.

Being able to work is important for health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and little is known about work life after radical treatment for prostate cancer (PCa). The aim was to investigate work status (WS) and work ability (WA) after radical prostatectomy (RP) or active surveillance (AS) for PCa, and to identify factors associated with reduced WA. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 606 men treated with RP ( = 442) or AS ( = 164) at two Norwegian general hospitals.

Long-term cervical cancer survivors on disability pension: a subgroup in need of attention from health care providers.

Purpose: Survivors of cervical cancer have an increased risk for permanently reduced work ability qualifying for disability pension (DP). Few studies describe the social and health situation of long-term survivors of cervical cancer (LSCCs) on DP as a subgroup among LSCCs. The purpose was to investigate the socio-demographic and health status of LSCCs holding DP in a population-based cohort using LSCCs holding paid work as reference.

MicroRNA profiling of mouse cortical progenitors and neurons reveals miR-486-5p as a regulator of neurogenesis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (∼22 nt) single-stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Over recent years, many studies have extensively characterized the involvement of miRNA-mediated regulation in neurogenesis and brain development. However, a comprehensive catalog of cortical miRNAs expressed in a cell-specific manner in progenitor types of the developing mammalian cortex is still missing.

Preferences for follow up in long-term survivors after cervical cancer.

Introduction: An increasing number of cervical cancer survivors combined with lack of data on the efficacy of long-term surveillance, challenges existing follow-up models. However, before introducing new follow-up models, cervical cancer survivors' own views on follow up are important. We aimed to explore preferences for follow up in long-term cervical cancer survivors and their associations with self-reported late-effects.

Type 1 Interleukin-4 Signaling Obliterates Mouse Astroglia but Not .

Recent findings suggest that reduced neurogenesis could be one of the underlying reasons for the exacerbated neuropathology in humans, thus restoring the neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis could help to circumvent some pathological aspects of Alzheimer's disease. We recently identified Interleukin-4/STAT6 signaling as a neuron-glia crosstalk mechanism that enables glial proliferation and neurogenesis in adult zebrafish brain and 3D cultures of human astroglia, which manifest neurogenic properties. In this study, by using single cell sequencing in the APP/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD, we found that IL4 receptor () is not expressed in mouse astroglia and IL4 signaling is not active in these cells.

Definitions matter for studying emotional development.

The collection of articles presented by Pollak, Camras, and Cole (2019) provides a stimulating survey of the current state of research on emotional development. However, the special issue also makes apparent the need for defining the construct of interest. Definitions of emotions guide how researchers deal with fundamental theoretical and methodological issues in emotion research.

Development and topographic organization of subicular projections to lateral septum in the rat brain.

One of the main subcortical targets of hippocampal formation efferents is the lateral septum. Previous studies on the subicular projections, as a main output structure of the hippocampus, have shown a clear topographic organization of septal innervation, related to the origin of the fibres along the dorsoventral axis of the subiculum in the adult brain. In contrast, studies on the developing brain depict an extensive rearrangement of subicular projections during the prenatal period, shifting from the medial septum to the lateral septum.

A cross-sectional study of current work ability after radical prostatectomy.

Background: Work ability represents a person's subjective assessment of current ability to work compared to his lifetime best. Since many men with prostate cancer are retired, work ability represents a more relevant work measure than employment status. The primary aim was to examine the prevalence of men who had high versus moderate/poor current work ability compared to their lifetime best work ability at a mean of 3.

Single cell sequencing of radial glia progeny reveals the diversity of newborn neurons in the adult zebrafish brain.

Zebrafish display widespread and pronounced adult neurogenesis, which is fundamental for their regeneration capability after central nervous system injury. However, the cellular identity and the biological properties of adult newborn neurons are elusive for most brain areas. Here, we have used short-term lineage tracing of radial glia progeny to prospectively isolate newborn neurons from the her4.

A Robust Method Uncovers Significant Context-Specific Heritability in Diverse Complex Traits.

Gene-environment interactions (GxE) can be fundamental in applications ranging from functional genomics to precision medicine and is a conjectured source of substantial heritability. However, unbiased methods to profile GxE genome-wide are nascent and, as we show, cannot accommodate general environment variables, modest sample sizes, heterogeneous noise, and binary traits. To address this gap, we propose a simple, unifying mixed model for gene-environment interaction (GxEMM).

Constraints on conventions: Resolving two puzzles of conventionality.

Conventions play a fundamental, yet contested, role in social reasoning from childhood to adulthood. Conventions about how to eat, dress, speak, or play are often said to be alterable, contingent on authorities or consensus, specific to contexts, and-thereby-distinct from moral concerns. This view of conventional norms has faced two puzzles.

Improved patient-reported functional outcomes after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy by using NeuroSAFE technique.

To explore whether prostatectomized men report improved post-operative erectile function and urinary control dependent on the application of intra-operative frozen section examination (NeuroSAFE) during nerve-sparing radical prostatectomies (NS-RPs). Pre- and post-RP responses to the sexual domain and the urinary incontinence subscale of EPIC-26 were analyzed in 95 and 312 men from a NeuroSAFEGroup (Martini-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany) and a Non-NeuroSAFE Group (Oslo University Hospital, Norway), respectively, undergoing NS-RPs for ≤ cT2 prostate cancer. All patients had intra-prostatic tumors as evaluated by Digital Rectal Examination.

Gene Expression-Based Identification of Antigen-Responsive CD8 T Cells on a Single-Cell Level.

CD8 T cells are important effectors of adaptive immunity against pathogens, tumors, and self antigens. Here, we asked how human cognate antigen-responsive CD8 T cells and their receptors could be identified in unselected single-cell gene expression data. Single-cell RNA sequencing and qPCR of dye-labeled antigen-specific cells identified large gene sets that were congruently up- or downregulated in virus-responsive CD8 T cells under different antigen presentation conditions.

Intervention with an educational video after a whiplash trauma - a randomised controlled clinical trial.

Background and aims Previous systematic reviews have considered that providing patient information is ineffective for patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), with the exception of interventional educational videos. The aim of this randomised controlled clinical trial was to determine if use of an educational video as an intervention in the acute stage after a whiplash injury might improve self-reported recovery at 6 months after the injury. Methods In total, 289 consecutive patients with a whiplash injury following a motor vehicle collision were randomised to an intervention group (educational video) or to a control group (written information sheet).

Sexual function in long-term male lymphoma survivors after high-dose therapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation.

Reduced sexual function may have negative implications on health related quality of life among lymphoma survivors. A national cross-sectional study among long-term lymphoma survivors after high-dose therapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation auto-SCT treated during 1987-2008 was conducted in 2012-2014. The current study explored sexual functioning among these survivors.

Silenced ZNF154 Is Associated with Longer Survival in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer has become the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world despite advances in therapy of other cancerous lesions. Late diagnosis due to a lack of symptoms during early disease allows metastatic spread of the tumor. Most patients are considered incurable because of metastasized disease.

The Social Origins of Human Prosociality.

From early in life, children help, comfort, and share with others. Recent research has deepened scientific understanding of the development of prosociality - efforts to promote the welfare of others. This article discusses two key insights about the emergence and early development of prosocial behavior, focusing on the development of helping.