Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IL-8 production in response to silver nanoparticles.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring the effects of nanoparticles on immune cells is a conventional method of assessing the levels of cytokine that are released into the culture supernatant after the addition of nanoparticles to a macrophage culture. However, it has been found that the presence of nanoparticles can interfere with spectrophotometric analysis, used as an indicator test system; thus, it is necessary to thoroughly checked for the possibility of interference. In this chapter, the assessment method of cytokine production is covered in detail by utilizing the cytokine model produced by silver nanoparticles.

The effects of sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles on inflammatory and stress genes in human macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis.

Because of the limited information on size-dependent particle-mediated effects, the present study was conducted to determine if the changes in induced protein expression between 5 nm silver nanoparticles and 100 nm particles after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations. A total of 28,000 cDNA profiles were screened using 5 nm silver nanoparticles and 100 nm silver nanoparticles in a macrophage cell line. Based on results obtained from cDNA microarray we also assessed protein levels of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), which were shown to significantly increase.

Vascular tube formation and angiogenesis induced by polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials due to their antibacterial properties. In this study, we examined the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs (average size 2.3nm) on angiogenesis in both an in vivo model and an in vitro endothelial cell line, SVEC4-10.

Size dependent macrophage responses and toxicological effects of Ag nanoparticles.

The immune-response of macrophages is an important area of investigation since it represents the major pathway by which early-stage defense barriers are established in skin, lungs, and mucosal systems to counteract foreign objects. In this study, we have examined the size-dependent inflammatory and toxicological effects of nanostructured silver particles (nano-Ag) on macrophage immune cells.

The impact of nanomaterials in immune system.

As a nanotechnology has been actively applied to the overall areas of scientific fields, it is necessary to understand the characteristic features, physical behaviors and the potential effects of exposure to nanomaterials and their toxicity. In this article we review the immunological influences induced by several nanomaterials and emphasize establishment of the animal models to estimate the impact of these nanomaterials on development of immunological diseases.