DNA methylation and body mass index from birth to adolescence: meta-analyses of epigenome-wide association studies.

Background: DNA methylation has been shown to be associated with adiposity in adulthood. However, whether similar DNA methylation patterns are associated with childhood and adolescent body mass index (BMI) is largely unknown. More insight into this relationship at younger ages may have implications for future prevention of obesity and its related traits.

Trajectories in estimated glomerular filtration rate in youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Aims: We sought to characterize the direction and associated factors of eGFR change following diagnosis of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We assessed the direction of eGFR change at two visits (mean 6.6 years apart) in SEARCH, a longitudinal cohort study of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Sociodemographic Predictors of Adherence to National Diet and Physical Activity Guidelines at Age 5 Years: The Healthy Start Study.

Purpose: To assess adherence to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines, and identify sociodemographic predictors of adherence among children.

Design: Cross sectional.

Setting: Colorado, United States.

The accuracy of provider diagnosed diabetes type in youth compared to an etiologic criteria in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Background: Although surveillance for diabetes in youth relies on provider-assigned diabetes type from medical records, its accuracy compared to an etiologic definition is unknown.

Methods: Using the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Registry, we evaluated the validity and accuracy of provider-assigned diabetes type abstracted from medical records against etiologic criteria that included the presence of diabetes autoantibodies (DAA) and insulin sensitivity. Youth who were incident for diabetes in 2002-2006, 2008, or 2012 and had complete data on key analysis variables were included (n = 4001, 85% provider diagnosed type 1).

The clinical consequences of heterogeneity within and between different diabetes types.

Advances in molecular methods and the ability to share large population-based datasets are uncovering heterogeneity within diabetes types, and some commonalities between types. Within type 1 diabetes, endotypes have been discovered based on demographic (e.g.

Neonatal Adiposity and Childhood Obesity.

Objectives: To explore the longitudinal association of neonatal adiposity (fat mass percentage) with BMI trajectories and childhood overweight and obesity from ages 2 to 6 years.

Methods: We studied 979 children from the Healthy Start cohort. Air displacement plethysmography was used to estimate fat mass percentage.

In Utero Exposure to Maternal Overweight or Obesity is Associated with Altered Offspring Brain Function in Middle Childhood.

Objective: The impact of in utero exposure to maternal overweight and obesity on offspring metabolic health is well documented. Neurodevelopmental outcomes among these children are, however, less well studied. To address this gap, the current study investigated brain function among 4- to 6-year-old children exposed to maternal overweight or obesity during gestation compared with that of children born to mothers with healthy BMI in pregnancy.

Association between fear of hypoglycemia and physical activity in youth with type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

Background: Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are encouraged to participate in physical activity (PA). Studies have identified fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) as a barrier to participating in PA.

Objectives: To examine (a) PA patterns in youth with T1D by age group and (b) the relationship between both parental and youth FOH and youth PA.

Dietary strategies to manage diabetes and glycemic control in youth and young adults with youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

Aims: Examine associations of dietary strategies used to manage diabetes over time with hemoglobin A1c in youth-onset type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth observational study assessed dietary strategies used by 1814 participants with diabetes (n = 1558 type 1, n = 256 type 2) at two to three research visits over 5.5 years (range 1.

Detection of Diabetes Status and Type in Youth Using Electronic Health Records: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: Diabetes surveillance often requires manual medical chart reviews to confirm status and type. This project aimed to create an electronic health record (EHR)-based procedure for improving surveillance efficiency through automation of case identification.

Research Design And Methods: Youth (<20 years old) with potential evidence of diabetes ( = 8,682) were identified from EHRs at three children's hospitals participating in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Cardiovascular risk and heart rate variability in young adults with type 2 diabetes and arterial stiffness: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Aims: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and heart rate variability (HRV) in young adults with type 2 diabetes and arterial stiffness and to explore the relationship between HRV and arterial stiffness.

Methods: We studied 185 young adults with youth-onset T2D enrolled in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Cardiovascular risk factors and HRV were compared between individuals with and without type 2 diabetes and arterial stiffness (defined as a pulse wave velocity greater than the 90th percentile of healthy controls, >6.

Sex-Specific Metabolite Biomarkers of NAFLD in Youth: A Prospective Study in the EPOCH Cohort.

Context: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in developed nations. There are currently no accurate biomarkers of NAFLD risk in youth.

Objective: Identify sex-specific metabolomics biomarkers of NAFLD in a healthy cohort of youth.

Challenges in the diagnosis of diabetes type in pediatrics.

The incidence of diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, is increasing. Health outcomes in pediatric diabetes are currently poor, with trends indicating that they are worsening. Minority racial/ethnic groups are disproportionately affected by suboptimal glucose control and have a higher risk of acute and chronic complications of diabetes.

Temporal trends in diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of paediatric type 1 diabetes between 2006 and 2016: results from 13 countries in three continents.

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this work was to evaluate geographical variability and trends in the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), between 2006 and 2016, at the diagnosis of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in 13 countries over three continents.

Methods: An international retrospective study on DKA at diagnosis of diabetes was conducted. Data on age, sex, date of diabetes diagnosis, ethnic minority status and presence of DKA at diabetes onset were obtained from Australia, Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, USA and the UK (Wales).

Associations between the activity of placental nutrient-sensing pathways and neonatal and postnatal metabolic health: the ECHO Healthy Start cohort.

Objective: Our hypothesis was that the activity of placental nutrient-sensing pathways is associated with adiposity and metabolic health in childhood.

Research Design And Methods: Using placental villus samples from healthy mothers from the Healthy Start Study, we measured the abundance and phosphorylation of key intermediates in the mTOR, insulin, AMPK, and ER stress signaling pathways. Using multivariate multiple regression models, we tested the association between placental proteins and offspring adiposity (%fat mass) at birth (n = 109), 4-6 months (n = 104), and 4-6 years old (n = 64), adjusted for offspring sex and age.

The association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with elevated arterial stiffness in adolescents and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Aim: Our aim was to explore the relationship of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) with subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in youth with T1D and T2D. We hypothesized the association of LDL-C with elevated arterial stiffness (AS) would be partially accounted by the co-occurrence of other CVD factors.

Method: We included 1376 youth with T1D and 157 with T2D from the SEARCH study.

Progression to hypertension in youth and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Central obesity may contribute to the development of hypertension in youths with diabetes. The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study followed 1518 youths with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 177 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosed when <20 years of age for incident hypertension. Incident hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥95th percentile (or ≥130/80 mm Hg) or reporting antihypertensive therapy among those without hypertension at baseline.

Comparison of the incidence of diabetes in United States and Indian youth: An international harmonization of youth diabetes registries.

Objective: Incidence of youth-onset diabetes in India has not been well described. Comparison of incidence, across diabetes registries, has the potential to inform hypotheses for risk factors. We sought to compare the incidence of diabetes in the U.

Genetic Risk for Hepatic Fat among an Ethnically Diverse Cohort of Youth: The Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children Study.

Objective: To assess the importance of genetic and nongenetic risk factors contributing to hepatic fat accumulation in a multiethnic population of youth.

Study Design: We investigated the relationship between genetic factors and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) in 347 children aged 12.5-19.

Treatment regimens and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in youth with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: Data from SEARCH (United States) and YDR (India) registries.

Objective: To compare treatment regimens and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) levels in Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) using diabetes registries from two countries-U.S. SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) and Indian Registry of youth onset diabetes in India (YDR).

Prenatal exposure to traffic and ambient air pollution and infant weight and adiposity: The Healthy Start study.

Background: Prenatal exposures to ambient air pollution and traffic have been associated with adverse birth outcomes, and may also lead to an increased risk of obesity. Obesity risk may be reflected in changes in body composition in infancy.

Objective: To estimate associations between prenatal ambient air pollution and traffic exposure, and infant weight and adiposity in a Colorado-based prospective cohort study.

Trends in Incidence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Youths - Selected Counties and Indian Reservations, United States, 2002-2015.

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases among persons aged <20 years (1). Onset of diabetes in childhood and adolescence is associated with numerous complications, including diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, and has a substantial impact on public health resources (2,3). From 2002 to 2012, type 1 and type 2 diabetes incidence increased 1.

Characterizing the weight-glycemia phenotypes of type 1 diabetes in youth and young adulthood.

Introduction: Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) present with diverse body weight status and degrees of glycemic control, which may warrant different treatment approaches. We sought to identify subgroups sharing phenotypes based on weight and glycemia and compare characteristics across subgroups.

Research Design And Methods: Participants with T1D in the SEARCH study cohort (n=1817, 6.

Clinical profile at diagnosis with youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in two pediatric diabetes registries: SEARCH (United States) and YDR (India).

Background: Over the last decades, diabetes in youth has increased in both India and the United States, along with the burden of long-term complications and healthcare costs. However, there are limited standardized population-based data in contemporary youth cohorts for comparison of clinical and demographic characteristics of diabetes for both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D).

Methods: In partnership, we harmonized demographic and clinical data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) registry in the United States and the Registry of People with Diabetes with Youth Age at Onset (YDR) in India to the structure and terminology of the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model.