[Transnasal endoscopic anatomy and approaches to the cavernous sinus].

Objective: The goal of the current study is to describe the transnasal endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus and to provide the surgical approaches to this area.

Methods: Six silicon-injected adult cadaveric heads (12 sides) were dissected through endoscopic endonasal approach. The cavernous sinus and adjacent structures were exposed; detailed anatomies were demonstrated.

[Expression of metallothionein 2 in middle ear cholesteatoma and its correlation with interleukin 1α and interleukin 6].

Objective: To detect the expression and distribution of metallothionein 2 (MT-2) in middle ear cholesteatoma, and to explore the relationship of MT-2 with interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and well as to explore the role of MT-2 in the pathogenetic mechanism of middle ear cholesteatoma.

Methods: Using the immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine the expressions of MT-2, IL-1α and IL-6 protein and MT-2 mRNA in twenty-five middle ears' cholesteatoma and seven normal external ears' canal skin. The influence of cholesteatoma debris on the MT-2 mRNA and protein of HaCaT cell were further analyzed.

[Relationship between the tinnitus frequency and the effects of medication and the prognosis in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus].

Objective: To investigate the influence of tinnitus frequency on medication and prognosis in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus.

Methods: Seventy-two patients (Ninety-three ears) diagnosed as chronic subjective tinnitus were studied from October 2010 to March 2011. All cases were divided into low frequency(twenty-three ears), medium frequency(fourteen ears) and high frequency (fifty-six ears) according to tinnitus matching test.

[Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of isolated congenital anosmia].

Objective: To report a series of patients with isolated congenital anosmia and summarize their clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics.

Methods: Twenty patients with isolated congenital anosmia were reviewed retrospectively. A thorough medical and chemosensory history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy, T&T olfactory testing, olfactory event-related potentials, sinonasal computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance image of olfactory pathway were performed in all patients.

[Posttraumatic anosmia: olfactory event related potentials and MRI evaluation].

Objective: Using olfactory event related potentials (OERP) and magnetic resonance to evaluate olfactory function in patients with posttraumatic anosmia.

Methods: Twenty four patients with posttraumatic anosmia were reviewed retrospectively. A thorough medical history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy, T&T olfactory testing, olfactory event-related potentials, brain computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance image of olfactory pathway were performed in all patients.

[Diagnostic value for detection of aspergillus ribosomal RNA in fungal rhinosinusitis with hybridization in situ].

Objective: To develop a reliable, rapid assay for detecting pathogenic aspergillus species in fungal sinusitis.

Methods: Thirty-seven formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical tissue specimens from patients with fungal sinusitis were used in the present study. The aspergillus specific oligonucleotide probe was designed, commercially synthesized, and digoxigenin-labeled.

[Management of intractable epistaxis and bleeding points localization].

Objective: To investigate the common nasal bleeding points and the management of intractable epistaxis.

Methods: The bleeding points and its correlation with age distribution, surgical techniques as well as its effects were studied retrospectively in 92 patients, in whom the bleeding points were not found by routine nasal endoscopy and the hemorrhage was not controlled with standard nasal packing.

Results: The bleeding points were found in the following different sites: superior wall of inferior nasal meatus (56.

[Image-guided endoscopic transsphenoidal removal of pituitary adenoma].

Objective: To assess the role of neuronavigation in assisting endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas.

Methods: Ten endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal reoperations for pituitary adenomas were selected. Clinical records were reviewed retrospectively.

[Immunohistochemical diagnosis of fungus ball in paranasal sinuses].

Objective: To study the pathogens of fungus balls in paranasal sinuses and establish an immunohistochemical test by which the main opportunistic fungi could be identified.

Methods: Twenty-five patients with fungal balls were treated by surgical removal of the fungus ball in the infected sinuses. The pathogenic fungi on the specimens were identified by means of routine PAS and immunohistochemical staining methods, and the sensitivity of the two methods were compared.