Missing medial tarsal artery replaced by the anterior medial malleolar artery.

The present case report describes an unusual variant of a missing medial tarsal artery (MTA) being replaced by the anterior medial malleolar artery (AMMA). The dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) did not give off any branches to the medial foot. The DPA coursed downward in the foot along with the superficial fibular nerve on the foot dorsum at the lateral side of the first metatarsal bone before entering the sole.

Effective Locations for Injecting Botulinum Toxin into the Mentalis Muscle; Cadaveric and Ultrasonographic Study.

The mentalis muscle is now considered key structures when performing procedures for rejuvenating the lower face. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical morphology and location of the mentalis muscle and thereby provide anatomical information for facilitating clinical procedures designed to rejuvenate the lower face. Forty-four adult hemifaces from five Thai cadavers and 21 Korean cadavers were dissected to identify the locations of the mentalis muscle.

Anatomical variations of the stylopharyngeus and superior constrictors in relation to their function.

The aims of this study were to clarify the topography and variations stylopharyngeus (STP) and superior constrictor (SC) muscles, and to examine what role they play in the pharyngeal movement. Forty-four specimens (22 right and 22 left sides) from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (13 males, 9 females; age range, 46-89 years; mean age, 69.2 years) were used in this study.

Educational effect of 3D applications as a teaching aid for anatomical practice for dental hygiene students.

The purpose of this study is to find out effective methodology of anatomical curriculum by comparing the education effects and satisfaction using different teaching tools, plastic model and three-dimensional (3D) application. A survey was conducted on the satisfaction level, understanding, and the usefulness of the tools used in the lectures of the two dental hygiene students groups who used the 3D application and the plastic model respectively. The interest in anatomical structure of the 3D App group was 4.

Topography of the dorsal nasal artery and its clinical implications for augmentation of the dorsum of the nose.

Background: Injections of filler into the nose for dorsum augmentation have a higher risk of complications due to the complicated blood supply and anastomotic channels in this area.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical features and location of the dorsal nasal artery (DNA), and to provide clinical anatomical information to reduce side effects and severe complications in the perinasal area.

Methods: Using the 31 cadaveric noses in Asians, dissections and histologic examinations were performed to identify the location and depth of the vascular structures including DNA.

Accessory nerve distribution for aesthetic botulinum toxin injections into the upper trapezius muscle: anatomical study and clinical trial : Reproducible BoNT injection sites for upper trapezius.

Purpose: The descending part of the trapezius muscle is clinically associated with neck pain and aesthetic applications. The innervation of the trapezius muscle is not well described in the medical literature for clinicians. The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius muscle with the aim of describing the most efficient and reproducible BoNT injection sites for aesthetic treatment of shoulder contouring.

The risorius muscle: anatomic considerations with reference to botulinum neurotoxin injection for masseteric hypertrophy.

Background: The botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BTX) injection into the masseter muscle often causes a change in the facial expression. There is as yet no precise anatomic evidence to support this etiologic factor of constrained facial expressions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the location and boundaries of the risorius muscle and its topographical relationship with the surrounding structures.

The anatomical origin and course of the angular artery regarding its clinical implications.

Background: The purposes of this study were to determine the morphological features and conceptualize the anatomical definition of the angular artery (AA) as an aid to practical operations in the clinical field.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-one hemifaces from 17 Korean cadavers and 26 hemifaces from 13 Thai cadavers were dissected.

Results: The topography of the AA was classified into 4 types according to its course: Type I (persistent pattern), in which the AA traverses the lateral side of the nose (11%); Type II (detouring pattern), in which the AA traverses the cheek and tear trough area (18%); Type III (alternative pattern), in which the AA traverses the medial canthal area through a branch of the ophthalmic artery (22.

Anatomical considerations of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles in relation to their function on the internal surface of pharynx.

The aim of this study was to clarify the topography of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and to relate the findings to pharyngeal muscular function. Forty-four specimens (22 right and 22 left sides) from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (13 males, 9 females; age range, 46-89 years; mean age, 69.2 years) were used in this study.

Clinical anatomic considerations of the zygomaticus minor muscle based on the morphology and insertion pattern.

Background: The zygomaticus minor muscle (Zmi) is involved in the expression of many different facial emotions. However, the details of its insertion pattern and morphology are not well described.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the morphology and insertion pattern of the Zmi, and to provide clinical anatomic information that will help elucidate its roles in animation.

Three-dimensional courses of zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal canals using micro-computed tomography in Korean.

The zygomatic nerve (ZN), which originates from the maxillary nerve at the pterygopalatine fossa, enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. Within the lateral region of the orbit, the ZN divides into the zygomaticofacial (ZF) and zygomaticotemporal (ZT) nerves. The ZF and ZT nerves then pass on to the face and temporal region through the zygomaticoorbital foramen and enter their own bony canals within the zygomatic bone.

Topography of the lingual foramen using micro-computed tomography for improving safety during implant placement of anterior mandibular region.

The aim of this study was to determine the location and size of the lingual foramina and the course of their canals using micro-computed tomography. Twenty Korean mandibles were scanned using a micro-computed tomography system and reconstructed three-dimensionally to enable observation of the lingual foramina and their canals. Four mandibles (20%) had a single foramen at the lingual side of the mandibular midline, 8 mandibles (40%) had 2 foramina, and 5 mandibles (25%) had 3 foramina.

Topography of the submental artery that should be considered in bleeding during dentoalveolar surgery.

The purpose of the present study was to provide precise data regarding the branching pattern of the submental artery, which should be considered in occasions of bleeding during various dentoalveolar surgical procedures of the mandible, such as implant surgeries, tori removal, and iatrogenic injuries. Twenty-six embalmed adult hemifaces from Korean cadavers were used in this study. The vertical distance, horizontal distance, and diameter of the submental artery were measured from the site of the first premolar to the third molar.

Surface characteristics of a novel hydroxyapatite-coated dental implant.

Purpose: This study evaluated the surface characteristics and bond strength produced using a novel technique for coating hydroxyapatite (HA) onto titanium implants.

Methods: HA was coated on the titanium implant surface using a super-high-speed (SHS) blasting method with highly purified HA. The coating was performed at a low temperature, unlike conventional HA coating methods.

Reliability of two different presurgical preparation methods for implant dentistry based on panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography in cadavers.

Purpose: Special care is necessary to avoid invading important anatomic structures during surgery when presurgical planning is made based on radiographs. However, none of these types of radiography represents a perfect modality. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of presurgical planning based on the use of two types of radiographic image (digital panoramic radiography [DPR] and cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT]) by beginner dentists to place implants, and to quantify differences in measurements between radiographic images and real specimens.

Topography of the arteries supplying the masseter muscle: Using dissection and Sihler's method.

Various surgical procedures require surgeons to have detailed knowledge of the course of blood vessels in the masseter muscle, such as masseter muscle flap formation, mandibular angle resection, parotidectomy, and mandibular ramus osteotomy. Without this knowledge serious complications can occur, endangering the lives of patients. Occasionally, during routine dissections we sometimes encounter an additional branch.

Intramuscular communicating branches in the flexor digitorum profundus: dissection and Sihler's staining.

Purpose: This study was designed to clarify the anatomy of the intramuscular communicating branch (ICb) between the median and ulnar nerves in the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), and morphologically demonstrate the location of connection.

Methods: Twenty Korean cadavers were dissected and a further 8 were subjected to modified Sihler's staining to investigate the pattern of innervation of the ICb and the location of its communicating points in muscle.

Results: The median and ulnar nerves divided into small branches before entering FDP muscle.