Maintenance of heritage culture, internalized racism, and family conflict on self-esteem among Asian Americans.

Lui (2015) suggested that intergenerational family conflict can arise between immigrant children and parents due to differences in mainstream U.S. culture and traditional heritage culture.

The process and outcome of spiritually integrated psychotherapies: A cross-cultural study in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.

We investigated the process and outcome of spiritually integrated psychotherapies (SIPs) with 34 Catholic therapists and 359 clients in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America using a practice-based evidence design. The three most frequently used spiritual interventions across all therapists were: "encouraging personal prayer," "affirming trusting God," and "encouraging listening to the heart," but "discussing hope" was also one of the top three in Asia and Africa, "self-control" in Asia, "spiritual confrontation" and "self-disclosure" in Latin America, and "listening to spiritual issues" in Europe. In addition, using growth curve analyses, we found a significant decrease in both spiritual and nonspiritual distress over the course of SIPs; the levels of spiritual and nonspiritual concerns were highly correlated (but distinct) at any given time point.