[Advances in continuous glucose monitoring: evidence of a new generation technology].

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides comprehensive and dynamic information to guide the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). This paper summarizes the evidence and implications of the use of the new CGM system, FreeStyle Libre 2 (FSL2). A global review of the literature on the use of FSL2 in people with DM was performed.

Indications for cerebral revascularization for moyamoya syndrome in pediatric sickle cell disease determined by Delphi methodology.

Objective: Cerebral revascularization surgery (CRS) has been used to prevent stroke in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and cerebral vasculopathy (e.g., moyamoya syndrome).

Description of a national, multi-center registry of patients with sickle cell disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Data from the Pediatric COVID-19 United States Registry.

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk of complications from viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. We present the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with SCD from the Pediatric COVID-19 United States Registry who developed acute COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 259) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C; n = 4). Nearly half of hospitalized children with SCD and SARS-CoV-2 infection required supplemental oxygen, though children with SCD had fewer intensive care (ICU) admissions compared to the general pediatric and immunocompromised populations.

"Stronger with Breastmilk Only" Initiative in 5 African Countries: Case Study on the Implementation Process and Contribution to the Enabling Environment for Breastfeeding.

Background: The practice of giving water before 6 mo of age is the biggest barrier to exclusive breastfeeding in West and Central Africa. To address this challenge, a regional initiative, "Stronger with Breastmilk Only" (SWBO), was rolled out at country level in several countries of the region.

Objective: We examined the implementation process of the SWBO initiative and the contribution of its advocacy component to a more supportive environment for breastfeeding policies and programs.

Promising trends and influencing factors of complementary feeding practices in Côte d'Ivoire: An analysis of nationally representative survey data between 1994 and 2016.

Poor complementary feeding (CF) challenges early childhood growth. We examined the trends and influencing factors of CF practices among children aged 6-23 months in Côte d'Ivoire. Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS, 1994-2011) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS, 2000-2016), the trends and predictors of World Health Organization-United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund CF indicators including the timely introduction of complementary foods (INTRO), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) were determined.

Thrombotic events in critically ill children with coronavirus disease 2019 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

Purpose Of Review: To provide an update regarding what is known about thrombotic events and thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Recent Findings: Pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 generally have mild illness; however, intensive care is required in about 20-30% of hospitalized children with COVID-19 and an even higher proportion in those with MIS-C. Increased rates of thrombosis have been observed in adults hospitalized with COVID-19, and clinical trials have attempted to optimize thromboprophylaxis.

A novel tandem duplication in a child with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is one of the most common cancer predisposition syndromes that affects both children and adults. Individuals with LFS are at an increased risk of developing various types of cancer over their lifetime including soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas, breast cancer, leukemia, brain tumors, and adrenocortical carcinoma. Heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in the tumor suppressor gene are the known causal genetic defect for LFS.

Levels and trends of adolescent girl's undernutrition and anemia in West and Central Africa from 1998 to 2017.

Background: Adolescence is a highly vulnerable period of human life characterized by substantial physiological and cognitive changes for which adequate nutrition is crucial. To date, evidence on determinants, prevalence, and trends of undernutrition and anemia for the entire West and Central African region is missing. This paper provides evidence on trends and levels of adolescent anemia and undernutrition in West and Central Africa.

Does early childbearing affect utilization of antenatal care services and infant birth weight: Evidence from West and Central African Region.

Background: Adequate antenatal care (ANC) utilization is recognized as one of the important drivers of safe childbirth and positive birth outcomes. The usage of ANC services fluctuates with various personal, socio-economic, and cultural characteristics and in resource-poor settings, adolescent mothers are at a particularly high risk of insufficient ANC utilization.

Objectives: This paper investigates whether the usage of ANC services and institutional delivery as well as newborn birth weight differ systematically between adolescent and adult mothers in West and Central Africa.

Diabetic encephalopathy: beneficial effects of supplementation with fatty acids ω3 and nordihydroguaiaretic acid in a spontaneous diabetes rat model.

Background: Diabetic encephalopathy is a chronic complications of diabetes mellitus that affects the central nervous system. We evaluated the effect of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplementation plus the antioxidant agent nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the etiopathology of diabetic encephalopathy in eSS rats, a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes.

Methods: One hundred twenty spontaneous diabetic eSS male rats and 38 non-diabetic Wistar, used as healthy control, received monthly by intraperitoneal route, ω3 or ω6 PUFA (6.

[Continuous glucose monitoring. Utility and indications].

An adequate glycemic control prevents and/or delays the development and/or progression of chronic complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). To achieve this control, it is necessary to adjust insulin doses, in type 1 or insulinized type 2 DM persons, based on traditional capillary glucose self-monitoring, which has limitations to generate an adequate data record, is invasive and has low adherence. In contrast, new continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems provide more complete and dynamic information, and better compliance.

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) modulate metabolic and inflammatory markers in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus model (Stillman Salgado rats).

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex disease with alterations in metabolic and inflammatory markers. Stillman Salgado rats (eSS) spontaneously develop type 2 DM by middle age showing progressive impairment of glucose tolerance with hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia. We analyzed the effects of supplementation of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with or without nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) added, an antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitor, on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in eSS rats to evaluate whether they can delay development and/or prevent progression of DM.

Patterns of Individual Variation in Visual Pathway Structure and Function in the Sighted and Blind.

Many structural and functional brain alterations accompany blindness, with substantial individual variation in these effects. In normally sighted people, there is correlated individual variation in some visual pathway structures. Here we examined if the changes in brain anatomy produced by blindness alter the patterns of anatomical variation found in the sighted.

Beneficial action of resveratrol: How and why?

Flavonoid resveratrol modulates the transcription factor NF-κB; inhibits the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP1 A1; suppresses the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes; and modulates Fas/Fas-ligand-mediated apoptosis, p53, mammalian target of rapamycin, and cyclins and various phosphodiesterases. This increases the cytosolic cAMP that activates Epac1/CaMKKβ/AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, which in turn facilitates increased oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial respiration, and gluconeogenesis. Resveratrol triggers apoptosis of activated T cells and suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α, interluekin-17 (IL-17), and other proinflammatory molecules, and thus is of benefit in autoimmune diseases.

Massage, Music, and Art Therapy in Hospice: Results of a National Survey.

Context: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) provides clinical benefits to hospice patients, including decreased pain and improved quality of life. Yet little is known about the extent to which U.S.

Cognitive and motor perturbations in elderly with longstanding diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance; inflammation; oxidative stress; vascular damage; and dysfunction of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolisms. However, comparatively less attention has been paid to neurologic alterations seen in elderly individuals with type 2 diabetes. We review clinical, metabolic, and biochemical aspects of diabetic encephalopathy (DE) and propose that quality of dietary lipids is closely linked to DE.

L-arginine, NO and asymmetrical dimethylarginine in hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common and there are no reliable markers either to predict their development or complications. High fat diet and carbohydrate-rich diet enhance serum asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. ADMA levels are elevated in patients with hypertension, poor control of hyperglycemia, diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy and dyslipidemia.

Is insulin resistance a disorder of the brain?

There is reasonable evidence to suggest that insulin resistance may have its origins in the hypothalamus. Insulin secretion is regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and modulates the concentrations of hypothalamic neuropeptides and monoaminergic neurotransmitters, and, in return, hypothalamic monoamines regulate the secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. A lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamus produces all the features of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

Role of PUFAs, the precursors of endocannabinoids, in human obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) serve as precursors of the endocannabinoids (ECs) that are bioactive lipids molecules. Recent studies revealed that ECs participate in several physiological and pathological processes including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we review the experimental and clinical aspects of the role of endocannabinoids in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the modification of the endocannabinoids by exogenously administered PUFAs.

Constitutively active Akt inhibits trafficking of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor protein metabolites through feedback inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, generated through sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), aggregate to form amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the regulation of Abeta generation and cellular secretion is critical to our understanding of AD pathophysiology. In the present study, we examined the role of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway in regulating APP trafficking and Abeta secretion.

Mechanosensitive ion channels of the archaeon Haloferax volcanii.

Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels have been documented in a variety of cells belonging to Eukarya and Eubacteria. We report the novel finding of two types of MS ion channels in the cell membrane of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii, a member of the Archaea that comprise the third phylogenetic domain. The two channels, MscA1 and MscA2, differed in their kinetic properties with MscA1 exhibiting more frequent open-closed transitions than MscA2.