SynLight: a bicistronic strategy for simultaneous active zone and cell labeling in the Drosophila nervous system.

At synapses, chemical neurotransmission mediates the exchange of information between neurons, leading to complex movement, behaviors, and stimulus processing. The immense number and variety of neurons within the nervous system make discerning individual neuron populations difficult, necessitating the development of advanced neuronal labeling techniques. In Drosophila, Bruchpilot-Short and mCD8-GFP, which label presynaptic active zones and neuronal membranes, respectively, have been widely used to study synapse development and organization.

SynLight: a dicistronic strategy for simultaneous active zone and cell labeling in the nervous system.

At synapses, chemical neurotransmission mediates the exchange of information between neurons, leading to complex movement behaviors and stimulus processing. The immense number and variety of neurons within the nervous system makes discerning individual neuron populations difficult, necessitating the development of advanced neuronal labeling techniques. In , Bruchpilot-Short and mCD8-GFP, which label presynaptic active zones and neuronal membranes, respectively, have been widely used to study synapse development and organization.

Modulation and neural correlates of postmating sleep plasticity in Drosophila females.

Sleep is essential, but animals may forgo sleep to engage in other critical behaviors, such as feeding and reproduction. Previous studies have shown that female flies exhibit decreased sleep after mating, but our understanding of the process is limited. Here, we report that postmating nighttime sleep loss is modulated by diet and sleep deprivation, demonstrating a complex interaction among sleep, reproduction, and diet.

Localized modulation of DNA supercoiling, triggered by the Shigella anti-silencer VirB, is sufficient to relieve H-NS-mediated silencing.

In Bacteria, nucleoid structuring proteins govern nucleoid dynamics and regulate transcription. In Shigella spp., at ≤30°C, the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) transcriptionally silences many genes on the large virulence plasmid.

Localized modulation of DNA supercoiling, triggered by the anti-silencer VirB, is sufficient to relieve H-NS-mediated silencing.

In Bacteria, nucleoid structuring proteins govern nucleoid dynamics and regulate transcription. In ., at ≤ 30 °C, the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) transcriptionally silences many genes on the large virulence plasmid.

Dorsal clock neurons claw their way out to control sleep in Drosophila.

The drive to sleep is strongly influenced by time of day, with temporal information conveyed through the circadian clock. In pursuit of the neural mechanisms underlying this process, in this issue of Neuron, Sun et al. identify a novel circuit that links circadian output neurons to sleep-promoting neurons within the mushroom bodies.

γ-secretase promotes Drosophila postsynaptic development through the cleavage of a Wnt receptor.

Developing synapses mature through the recruitment of specific proteins that stabilize presynaptic and postsynaptic structure and function. Wnt ligands signaling via Frizzled (Fz) receptors play many crucial roles in neuronal and synaptic development, but whether and how Wnt and Fz influence synaptic maturation is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Fz2 receptor cleavage via the γ-secretase complex is required for postsynaptic development and maturation.

Genetic regulation of central synapse formation and organization in Drosophila melanogaster.

A goal of modern neuroscience involves understanding how connections in the brain form and function. Such a knowledge is essential to inform how defects in the exquisite complexity of nervous system growth influence neurological disease. Studies of the nervous system in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster enabled the discovery of a wealth of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying development of synapses-the specialized cell-to-cell connections that comprise the essential substrate for information flow and processing in the nervous system.

Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time.

The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively.

Modulation of sleep-courtship balance by nutritional status in .

Sleep is essential but incompatible with other behaviors, and thus sleep drive competes with other motivations. We previously showed males balance sleep and courtship via octopaminergic neurons that act upstream of courtship-regulating P1 neurons (Machado et al., 2017).

Circadian Structural Plasticity Drives Remodeling of E Cell Output.

Behavioral outputs arise as a result of highly regulated yet flexible communication among neurons. The Drosophila circadian network includes 150 neurons that dictate the temporal organization of locomotor activity; under light-dark (LD) conditions, flies display a robust bimodal pattern. The pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-positive small ventral lateral neurons (sLNv) have been linked to the generation of the morning activity peak (the "M cells"), whereas the Cryptochrome (CRY)-positive dorsal lateral neurons (LNds) and the PDF-negative sLNv are necessary for the evening activity peak (the "E cells") [1, 2].

Mob Family Proteins: Regulatory Partners in Hippo and Hippo-Like Intracellular Signaling Pathways.

Studies in yeast first delineated the function of Mob proteins in kinase pathways that regulate cell division and shape; in multicellular eukaryotes Mobs regulate tissue growth and morphogenesis. In animals, Mobs are adaptors in Hippo signaling, an intracellular signal-transduction pathway that restricts growth, impacting the development and homeostasis of animal organs. Central to Hippo signaling are the Nuclear Dbf2-Related (NDR) kinases, Warts and LATS1 and LATS2, in flies and mammals, respectively.

Contribution of non-circadian neurons to the temporal organization of locomotor activity.

In the fruit fly, , the daily cycle of rest and activity is a rhythmic behavior that relies on the activity of a small number of neurons. The small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) are considered key in the control of locomotor rhythmicity. Previous work from our laboratory has showed that these neurons undergo structural remodeling on their axonal projections on a daily basis.

Insights into transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing in Shigella flexneri: a detailed molecular analysis of the icsP virulence locus.

Transcriptional silencing and anti-silencing mechanisms modulate bacterial physiology and virulence in many human pathogens. In Shigella species, many virulence plasmid genes are silenced by the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS and anti-silenced by the virulence gene regulator VirB. Despite the key role that these regulatory proteins play in Shigella virulence, their mechanisms of transcriptional control remain poorly understood.

Neuronal and Glial Clocks Underlying Structural Remodeling of Pacemaker Neurons in .

A number of years ago we reported that ventral Lateral Neurons (LNvs), which are essential in the control of rest-activity cycles in , undergo circadian remodeling of their axonal projections. This structural plasticity gives rise to changes in the degree of connectivity, which could provide a means of transmitting time of day information. Thus far, work from different laboratories has shown that circadian remodeling of adult projections relies on activity-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Circadian Alterations in a Murine Model of Hypothalamic Glioma.

The mammalian circadian system is controlled by a central oscillator located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, in which glia appears to play a prominent role. Gliomas originate from glial cells and are the primary brain tumors with the highest incidence and mortality. Optic pathway/hypothalamic gliomas account for 4-7% of all pediatric intracranial tumors.

The repertoire of epithelial morphogenesis on display: Progressive elaboration of Drosophila egg structure.

Epithelial structures are foundational for tissue organization in all metazoans. Sheets of epithelial cells form lateral adhesive junctions and acquire apico-basal polarity perpendicular to the surface of the sheet. Genetic analyses in the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, have greatly advanced our understanding of how epithelial organization is established, and how it is modulated during tissue morphogenesis.

CCL2 mediates the circadian response to low dose endotoxin.

The mammalian circadian system is mainly originated in a master oscillator located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus. Previous reports from our and other groups have shown that the SCN are sensitive to systemic immune activation during the early night, through a mechanism that relies on the action of proinflammatory factors within this structure. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is induced in the brain upon peripheral immune activation, and it has been shown to modulate neuronal physiology.

Bunched and Madm Function Downstream of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex to Regulate the Growth of Intestinal Stem Cells in Drosophila.

The Drosophila adult midgut contains intestinal stem cells that support homeostasis and repair. We show here that the leucine zipper protein Bunched and the adaptor protein Madm are novel regulators of intestinal stem cells. MARCM mutant clonal analysis and cell type specific RNAi revealed that Bunched and Madm were required within intestinal stem cells for proliferation.

Modulation of mammalian circadian rhythms by tumor necrosis factor-α.

Unlabelled: Systemic low doses of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg) administered during the early night induce phase-delays of locomotor activity rhythms in mice. Our aim was to evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-alpha and its receptor 1/p55 (Tnfr1) in the modulation of LPS-induced circadian effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We observed that Tnfr1-defective mice (Tnfr1 KO), although exhibiting similar circadian behavior and light response to that of control mice, did not show LPS-induced phase-delays of locomotor activity rhythms, nor LPS-induced cFos and Per2 expression in the SCN and Per1 expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) as compared to wild-type (WT) mice.

Suprachiasmatic astrocytes modulate the circadian clock in response to TNF-α.

The immune and the circadian systems interact in a bidirectional fashion. The master circadian oscillator, located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, responds to peripheral and local immune stimuli, such as proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial endotoxin. Astrocytes exert several immune functions in the CNS, and there is growing evidence that points toward a role of these cells in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

The times they're a-changing: effects of circadian desynchronization on physiology and disease.

Circadian rhythms are endogenous and need to be continuously entrained (synchronized) with the environment. Entrainment includes both coupling internal oscillators to external periodic changes as well as synchrony between the central clock and peripheral oscillators, which have been shown to exhibit different phases and resynchronization speed. Temporal desynchronization induces diverse physiological alterations that ultimately decrease quality of life and induces pathological situations.

Characterization of locomotor activity circadian rhythms in athymic nude mice.

Background: The relation between circadian dysregulation and cancer incidence and progression has become a topic of major interest over the last decade. Also, circadian timing has gained attention regarding the use of chronopharmacology-based therapeutics. Given its lack of functional T lymphocytes, due to a failure in thymus development, mice carrying the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mutation (nude mice) have been traditionally used in studies including implantation of xenogeneic tumors.

Role of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm.

We previously reported that early night peripheral bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection produces phase delays in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. We now assess the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on circadian physiology, including their role in LPS-induced phase shifts. First, we investigated whether differential systemic induction of classic proinflammatory cytokines could explain the time-specific behavioral effects of peripheral LPS.

[Hyperprolactinemia in subclinical hypothyroidism].

Most patients with subclinical hypothyroidism are asymptomatic; however, when this disorder is associated with alterations of the lactotroph, clinical and biochemical manifestations are evident, along with involvement of the gonadotrophic function. In this report, we selected 11 women with hypothyroidism, 5 of them in stage I and 6 in stage II. In all of them, the thyroid function was altered while the most affected was the gonadal axis.