A descriptive system for lower extremity evaluation in children: data for the newborn infant.

An efficient and practical system for examination of the lower extremities in newborn infants and children is presented. Measurements of hip rotation and abduction are performed in a supine position. During examination, the foot is held in passive correction or induced weight-bearing position to compare the tibia, forefoot, and hindfoot alignment.

Frostbite: an orthopedic perspective.

Frostbite injury to the extremities has the potential for disastrous effects. This review provides information valuable to the orthopedic surgeon to aid in the evaluation and treatment of frostbite. The pathophysiology and predisposing factors that provide a basic understanding of the nature of frostbite are discussed.