[Duodenal atresia].

The article deals with 5-year (1986-1992) experience in the diagnosis and treatment of duodenal atresia in 26 infants. Timely diagnosis of this developmental anomaly, the variants of operative treatment, and the principles of postoperative management are discussed. The necessity of antenatal ultrasonic examination and the high diagnostic value of radiological and endoscopic methods of diagnosis are emphasized.

[The treatment of hydronephrosis in children].

The paper presents the analysis of hydronephrosis treatment performed within 1987-1993 in 76 children. Special attention is paid to surgical techniques, methods of drainage with regard to hydronephrosis degree and pelvic contractility. The drainage system of the renal calicopelvic system using double-opening tube with continuous drop lavage is designed, the scheme of the patients' postoperative management is described.

[Endourethral correction of valvular obstruction in children].

Endourethral dissection of valvular cusps was carried out by means of an urethrotome in 34 boys with Type I and III valves of the posterior urethra. The indications for and the techniques of the dissection on depending on the type of the valve are discussed and measures for preventing complications are suggested. Endoscopic, radiological, and urodynamic methods of examination of the lower urinary tract determined the therapeutic tactics and help in evaluation of the efficacy of the operative treatment.

[Prolapse of the urethral mucosa in girls].

In the recent 9 years 39 girls aged from 2 to 10 years were treated at the clinic for prolapse of the urethral mucosa. Among them 24 had circular and 15 had segmental prolapse. The disease was encountered most frequently between 6 and 10 years of age, predominantly in the summer.

[Characteristics of surgical tactics in children with acute appendicitis].

There were 849 children with various forms of acute appendicitis under observation in 1988. Generalized and circumscribed peritonitis was found in 44.2% of cases.

[Organizational and social aspects of pediatric surgery].

Inadequately utilized reserves of rendering surgical aid to children are analysed. The author discusses particular problems linked with prevention, diagnosis, tactics, treatment, and research in the field of pediatric surgery. The prospects of the specialty are intimately connected with general surgery and public health care as a whole and are caused by social reconstructions and stage-by-stage organizational decisions.

[Iatrogenesis].

Iatrogenesis, earlier considered to be an unfavorable effect of the word on the patient has acquired a new essence. Iatrogenesis means an unintentional and often inevitable complication resulting from contact with the patients, the influence upon him or due to inaction of medical personnel during prophylactic, diagnostic and curative procedures. An analysis of clinical and social sources of iatrogenesis gives grounds to find out ways to make it less.

[Iatrogenic disease: the clinical and social aspects].

Iatrogenic disease is considered as an unintentional or occasionally inevitable damage to the patient which is caused by the medical personnel during the patient management or at examinations, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Iatrogenesis, being the reverse side of medicine, is an essential part of medical progress. Any therapeutic exposures, especially to invasive techniques, are prone to both positive and negative effects.