Evidence that cholecystokinin induces immediate early gene expression in the brainstem, hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat by a CCKA receptor mechanism.

The effect of sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) on immediate early gene expression in the rat CNS was investigated using the technique of in situ hybridization. A rapid and transient induction of c-fos, NGFI-A and NGFI-B (nerve growth factor-induced genes A and B) mRNA was demonstrated in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP), hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, and central nucleus of the amygdala, following peripheral administration of CCK-8S (1-100 micrograms/kg i.p.

Multiple functions of problem behaviors: assessment and intervention.

Three individuals with severe intellectual disabilities participated in separate analyses of problem behavior. In each case, a functional analysis was conducted under two parallel conditions. In one condition, self-injury or aggression resulted in escape from difficult tasks; in the second condition, the same problem behavior resulted in access to preferred items.

Parental conflict and male adolescent problem behavior.

Mothers in 30 clinical and 35 nonclinical families completed a behavior checklist for a target son and all other sons in the family who were between 13 and 17 years old. Each of these male adolescents completed two perceived parental conflict questionnaires for their biological parents. In each group, child behavior problems and parental conflict were correlated under two conditions: (a) using information pertaining to the target adolescent and (b) using information pertaining to the male adolescent experiencing the greatest behavior difficulties.

Amyloidosis. Part II. Implications for neuroscience nurses: Alzheimer's disease.

Unlabelled: Amyloidosis describes a group of diseases characterized by deposition of abnormal fibrous proteins in body organs and soft tissues. This disease complex is classified under the broad headings primary and secondary based on whether or not chronic infections or inflammatory conditions coexist. In addition, localized versus systemic involvement and heredofamilial considerations are used to subclassify amyloidosis.

Amyloidosis. Part I. Implications for neuroscience nurses: introduction and amyloidosis secondary to spinal cord injury.

Amyloidosis describes a group of diseases characterized by deposition of abnormal fibrous proteins in body organs and soft tissues. This disease complex is classified under the broad headings primary and secondary based on whether or not chronic infections or inflammatory conditions co-exist. In addition, localized versus systemic involvement and heredofamilial considerations are used to subclassify amyloidosis.

The ISO/ISPO classification of congenital limb deficiency.

This classification originally produced by the ISPO "Kay" Committee in 1973, has now with minor modifications, become an International Standard (ISO 8548-1: 1989). It is limited to those deficiencies which are failures of formation and describes them on anatomical and radiological bases only. All are divided into transverse and longitudinal, and use simple terms and descriptors.

The prosthetic treatment of lower limb deficiency.

The prosthesis required for a child with a transverse deficiency whilst a simple version of that appropriate for the adult follows the same principles. The child with a longitudinal deficiency may require an extension, or orthoprosthesis and this may be combined with surgical reconstruction. The principles, technique of measurement and fabrication methods using both traditional and modern composites are described.

Interspersed requests: a nonaversive procedure for reducing aggression and self-injury during instruction.

Interspersed requests are simple commands, with a high likelihood of being followed correctly, that are interspersed among instructional trials to increase the probability that a learner will attempt to perform new or difficult tasks without engaging in aggression or self-injurious behavior. This report presents two assessments of the effect of interspersed requests on aggression and self-injury during instruction. The participants were individuals with severe mental retardation who used aggression and self-injury to avoid difficult instructional situations.

The effects of response efficiency on functionally equivalent competing behaviors.

Three experiments addressed the role of response efficiency in the application of functional equivalence training. Functional equivalence training includes conducting a functional assessment of the problem behavior. Variables that predict and maintain the problem behavior are defined, and socially appropriate, functionally equivalent skills are identified and taught.

Two glutamine synthetase genes from Phaseolus vulgaris L. display contrasting developmental and spatial patterns of expression in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants.

The gln-gamma gene, which specifies the gamma subunit of glutamine synthetase in Phaseolus vulgaris L., has been isolated and the regulatory properties of its promoter region analyzed in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants. A 2-kilobase fragment from the 5'-flanking region of gln-gamma conferred a strongly nodule-enhanced pattern of expression on the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene.

Building response classes: a comparison of two procedures for teaching generalized pouring to learners with severe disabilities.

Five individuals with profound mental retardation received instruction on liquid pouring. The effects of two training strategies on performance with nontrained pitchers and receptacles were compared within a split multiple baseline design across subjects. One training approach followed general case instruction guidelines in which both difficult and easy teaching examples were selected that sampled the range of relevant stimulus and response variation.

Comparison of two prompting procedures to facilitate skill acquisition among severely mentally retarded adolescents.

Six profoundly mentally retarded subjects were taught two tasks of comparable difficulty using different prompting procedures: an antecedent procedure, where the trainer prompted the learner prior to the subject's response and gradually faded the prompt on subsequent trials, approximating an errorless learning model, and a consequent procedure, where the trainer prompted the learner after an error response and gradually faded the prompt on subsequent corrections. Results show that greater gains were made with the antecedent prompting procedure compared to the consequent prompting procedure.

Subzero-temperature preservation of reactive fluids in the undercooled state. II. The effect on the oxidation of ascorbic acid of freeze concentration and undercooling.

The rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid has been measured in both frozen and undercooled solutions. A new interpretation is advanced for changes in the rate of ascorbic acid oxidation in freeze-concentrated solutions. The results obtained with undercooled solutions indicate a rate reduction in line with that predicted by the Arrhenius equation.

Subzero-temperature preservation of reactive fluids in the undercooled state. I. The reduction of potassium ferricyanide by potassium cyanide.

Many reactions show enhanced rates at subzero temperatures due to freeze concentration. The reduction of potassium ferricyanide by potassium cyanide has been studied at subzero temperatures in both the undercooled and the frozen state. The pseudo-first-order rate constants calculated differ greatly from those in previous reports.

Response variation and the generalization of a dressing skill: comparison of single instance and general case instruction.

Two, identical multiple-baseline-across-subjects designs were used to compare the effects of single instance and general case instruction on the generalized dressing of youth and adults with severe mental retardation. Performance across eight nontrained, probe shirts was used to assess generalization of the skill "putting on pullover shirts." Following training with a single shirt, subjects exhibited limited success with the eight nontrained shirts.

Bleeding disorder associated with albumin-dependent partial deficiency in platelet thromboxane production. Effect of albumin on arachidonate metabolism in platelets.

The authors describe a patient with a longstanding bleeding disorder associated with impaired platelet aggregation and secretion despite normal granule contents. Thrombin-induced platelet thromboxane A2 production, measured using a radioimmunoassay for thromboxane B2, was markedly decreased or undetectable in platelet-rich plasma and whole blood serum. However, significant amounts of thromboxane B2 were detected on thrombin stimulation of platelets suspended in albumin-free salt medium.

Platelet secretion defect associated with impaired liberation of arachidonic acid and normal myosin light chain phosphorylation.

We describe four patients with impaired platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin secretion during stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, collagen, and platelet-activating factor. The response to arachidonic acid was normal in all patients with regard to aggregation and in three of the four with regard to 14C-serotonin secretion. The total platelet adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP content and the ATP to ADP ratio was normal in all patients, thereby excluding storage pool deficiency as the cause of the secretion defect.

Numbers of word associations to color patches and color names differ across two opponent pairs.

68 female undergraduate students completed word-association and semantic-differential tasks in response to stimuli which were patches or names of eight colors. The number of word associations for the group viewing color patches differed from that of the group responding to color names on the basis of four colors forming two of the three opponent pairs of the opponent-process theory of color vision.

Time-dependent recovery from electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia.

To examine time-dependent recovery from ECS-induced amnesia, 44 hooded rats were trained to leverpress for food. On treatment day the first leverpress was followed by footshock and ECS or sham ECS (SECS). Animals in both treatment conditions then experienced a 10-min extinction session either 1 or 3 days following treatment.