Differentially spliced mitochondrial CYP419A1 contributes to ethiprole resistance in Nilaparvata lugens.

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most economically important pests of cultivated rice in Southeast Asia. Extensive use of insecticide treatments, such as imidacloprid, fipronil and ethiprole, has resulted in the emergence of multiple resistant strains of N. lugens.

Impacts of Weather Anomalies and Climate on Plant Disease.

Predicting the effects of climate change on plant disease is critical for protecting ecosystems and food production. Here, we show how disease pressure responds to short-term weather, historical climate and weather anomalies by compiling a global database (4339 plant-disease populations) of disease prevalence in both agricultural and wild plant systems. We hypothesised that weather and climate would play a larger role in disease in wild versus agricultural plant populations, which the results supported.

Mechanisms in thyroid eye disease - the TSH receptor interacts directly with the IGF-1 receptor.

The pathogenesis of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) has been suggested as due to signal enhancement in orbital fibroblasts as a result of autoantibody-induced, synergistic, interaction between the TSH receptor (TSHR) and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). This interaction has been explained by a "receptor cross talk", mediated via β-arrestin binding. Here, we have examined if this interaction can be mediated via direct receptor contact using modeling and experimental approaches.

Teknonaturalist: A Snakemake Pipeline for Assessing Fungal Diversity From Plant Genome Bycatch.

Relatively little is known of the host associations and compatibility of fungal plant pathogens and endophytes. Publicly available plant genomic DNA can be mined to detect incidental fungal DNA, but taxonomic assignment can be challenging due to short lengths and variable discriminative power among different genomic regions and taxa. Here, we introduce a computationally lightweight and accessible Snakemake pipeline for rapid detection and classification (identification and assignment to taxonomic rank) of pathogenic and endophytic fungi (and other fungi associated with plants) that targets the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, a fungal barcode standard.

Core outcome set of daily monitoring of gastrointestinal function in adult critically ill patients: a modified Delphi consensus process (COSMOGI).

Purpose: Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is common in critically ill patients and associated with poor outcomes. There is a lack of standardised methods for daily monitoring of GI function. COSMOGI aimed to develop a Core Outcome Set (COS) for daily monitoring of GI function to improve consistency and comparability in future studies in critically ill patients.

A horizon scan of biological conservation issues for 2025.

We discuss the outcomes of our 16th horizon scan of issues that are novel or represent a considerable step-change and have the potential to substantially affect conservation of biological diversity in the coming decade. From an initial 96 topics, our international panel of 32 scientists and practitioners prioritised 15 issues. Technological advances are prominent, including metal and non-metal organic frameworks, deriving rare earth elements from macroalgae, synthetic gene drives in plants, and low-emission cement.

Suboptimal uptake and placement of a mandatory alcohol pregnancy warning label in Australia.

Background: Mandatory pregnancy warning labels are an important public health measure to signal the harms of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Ensuring these labels are salient is critical to enhancing their effectiveness. On 31 July 2020, Australia mandated that alcoholic beverages labelled from 1 August 2023 display a pregnancy warning label.

Crustacean photoreceptor damage and recovery: Applying a novel scanning electronic microscopy protocol in artificial light studies.

Artificial light at night is a worldwide expanding form of pollution. Studies evaluating the effects of artificial light at night have often overlooked their impact on the photoreceptor, the basic functional structure of animals to absorb light. This is essential to understand the mechanisms by which this stressor may be impacting species.

The TSH Receptor Antibody Reactome Contributes to Retro-Orbital Inflammation.

The thyroid eye disease (TED) of Graves disease is associated with high titers of stimulating TSH receptor antibodies, retro-orbital inflammation, fibroblast release of cytokines and chemokines, and adipogenesis, which in turn leads to proptosis, muscle fibrosis, and dysfunction. Part of this scenario is the induction of fibroblast proliferation and autophagy secondary to synergism between the TSH receptor (TSHR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). While TED is well associated with thyroid-stimulating antibodies to the TSHR, which is also well expressed on fibroblasts, in fact the TSHR reactome has a variety of TSHR antibodies with varying biological activity.

TSH enhances neurite outgrowth.

Extra-thyroidal effects of TSH have been reported in various tissues expressing the TSH receptor (TSHR) including several areas of the brain. However, the influence of TSH on neuronal phenotypes has not been examined. Using a well-characterized human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y), we have examined TSH signaling effects on the phenotype of these cells after their neuronal differentiation.

Hypothyroidism Induced by a TSH Receptor Peptide-Implications for Thyroid Autoimmunity.

The "neutral" thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (N-TSHR-Ab) directed at the TSHR ectodomain's hinge region have been shown to induce thyroid cell damage . During these earlier studies, we developed a mouse monoclonal antibody (MC1) specific for a peptide (amino acid 322-340) in the region (MC1-Mab) which was able to induce thyroid cell stress and apoptosis when administered . In order to examine the effect of generated N-TSHR-Abs, rather than an acutely administered monoclonal antibody, we immunized Balb/c mice with the hinge region peptide over 18 weeks.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Children.

Objectives: Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood infection. Recurrent AOM affects a subset of children, resulting in an adverse impact on quality of life, socioeconomic disadvantage, and risk of long-term sequelae. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis is used in some settings but is increasingly controversial due to an awareness of adverse long-term effects and contribution to global antibiotic resistance.

Patient compliance with medications, nasal douching, smoking cessation and long-term outcomes of surgical septorhinoplasty - a prospective series of 56 cases.

Introduction: Septorhinoplasty addresses both functional and cosmetic concerns with the nose and has been shown to have consistent, long-term benefits for patients. Nasal irrigation and medication such as antimicrobials are prescribed postoperatively to improve outcomes. Patient compliance with these interventions and outcomes of surgery have not been described.

Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of different doses of 10-valent Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli (ExPEC10V) bioconjugate vaccine (VAC52416) in healthy Japanese adults aged 60-85 years in a randomized, double-blind, phase 1 study.

Aim: This phase 1 study (NCT04306302) evaluated the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of ExPEC10V (VAC52416) in healthy Japanese adults.

Method: The randomized, double-blind, single-center study included 28-day screening, vaccination (Day 1), 30-day safety and immunogenicity follow-up and 181-day serious adverse events (SAEs) follow-up. Participants (60-85 years) were enrolled in dose-ascending approach and randomized to medium- and high-doses of ExPEC10V (n = 8 in each dose group) and placebo (n = 8).

Healthiness of food products promoted through placement strategies in Australian online supermarkets: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Prominent product placement is a core promotional tactic in retail food environments. How this practice has been adapted for online supermarkets, and the extent to which it is applied to healthier and less healthy food products in this setting, is largely unknown. We aimed to investigate placement-type promotions of food products in Australian online supermarkets.

Quality improvement project aiming to reduce inappropriate use of abdominal x-rays in the ED.

Background: There is compelling evidence that AXRs have limited clinical value in the acute setting. Despite this, they are frequently used in many EDs. This quality improvement project (QIP) aimed to reduce unnecessary AXR use in a single-centre ED.

Ecological phage therapy: Can bacteriophages help rapidly restore the soil microbiome?

Soil microbiota underpin ecosystem functionality yet are rarely targeted during ecosystem restoration. Soil microbiota recovery following native plant revegetation can take years to decades, while the effectiveness of soil inoculation treatments on microbiomes remains poorly explored. Therefore, innovative restoration treatments that target soil microbiota represent an opportunity to accelerate restoration outcomes.