[A red and swollen arm after vaccination for covid-19].

In this case report, we present a 41-year old male with a red rash on his arm 7 days post vaccination with the mRNA Moderna vaccine. While the patient received antibiotics for the suspicion of a cellulitis, this was actually a delayed type 4 local allergic reaction to the vaccine or a so called 'Covid arm'. This reaction occurs frequently, is usually self-limiting and a conservative treatment is recommended.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the EEG effects of opioids: the role of complex biophase distribution kinetics.

The objective of this investigation is to characterize the role of complex biophase distribution kinetics in the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation of a wide range of opioids. Following intravenous infusion of morphine, alfentanil, fentanyl, sufentanil, butorphanol and nalbuphine the time course of the EEG effect was determined in conjunction with blood concentrations. Different biophase distribution models were tested for their ability to describe hysteresis between blood concentration and effect.

Population pharmacokinetic modelling of non-linear brain distribution of morphine: influence of active saturable influx and P-glycoprotein mediated efflux.

Background And Purpose: Biophase equilibration must be considered to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) correlations of opioids. The objective was to characterise in a quantitative manner the non-linear distribution kinetics of morphine in brain.

Experimental Approach: Male rats received a 10-min infusion of 4 mg kg(-1) of morphine, combined with a continuous infusion of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibitor GF120918 or vehicle, or 40 mg kg(-1) morphine alone.

Influence of biophase distribution and P-glycoprotein interaction on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the effects of morphine on the EEG.

Background And Purpose: The aim was to investigate the influence of biophase distribution including P-glycoprotein (Pgp) function on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations of morphine's actions in rat brain.

Experimental Approach: Male rats received a 10-min infusion of morphine as 4 mg kg(-1), combined with a continuous infusion of the Pgp inhibitor GF120918 or vehicle, 10 or 40 mg kg(-1). EEG signals were recorded continuously and blood samples were collected.