Dementia, osteoporosis and fragility fractures: Intricate epidemiological relationships, plausible biological connections, and twisted clinical practices.

Dementia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures are chronic diseases, often co-existing in older adults. These conditions pose severe morbidity, long-term disability, and mortality, with relevant socioeconomic implications. While in the research arena, the discussion remains on whether dementia is the cause or the consequence of fragility fractures, healthcare professionals need a better understanding of the interplay between such conditions from epidemiological and physiological standpoints.

Diabetes-Alzheimer's connection in older age: SGLT2 inhibitors as promising modulators of disease pathways.

Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most frequent cause of dementia in older persons. Subjects affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at higher risk of vascular disease, cognitive decline, and dementia. LOAD has many characteristics shared with impaired insulin signaling pathways, and substantial evidence has demonstrated a pivotal role in dysregulated glucose metabolism in its pathogenesis.

A blast from the past: To tame time with metformin.

The strong evidence of metformin use in subjects affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on health outcomes, together with data from pre-clinical studies, has led the gerontological research to study the therapeutic potential of such a drug as a slow-aging strategy. However, despite clinical use for over fifty years as an anti-diabetic drug, the mechanisms of action beyond glycemic control remain unclear. In this review, we have deeply examined the literature, doing a narrative review from the metformin story, through mechanisms of action to slow down aging potential, from lower organisms to humans.

Upper extremity nerve transfers for acute flaccid myelitis: a systematic literature review.

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare disease that commonly affects young children. AFM's pathophysiology involves loss of lower motor neurons following a viral infection and induces acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis most commonly in the upper extremities. Nerve transfers have emerged as a treatment option for these patients with permanent motor deficits.

First-Line Stent Retriever versus Direct Aspiration for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for anterior circulation stroke has been proven to be highly effective. In comparison, MT for basilar artery occlusion (BAO) continues to lack definitive evidence of efficacy. The main MT modalities are stent retriever (SR) and direct aspiration (DA).