Vitamin D and/or calcium to prevent fractures and falls: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Previous systematic reviews on fracture and fall prevention have generally shown no efficacy with calcium or vitamin D alone and conflicting findings with that of vitamin D combined with calcium. Despite these findings, increases in vitamin D and calcium prescriptions have been reported in many countries, as many clinicians, guidelines and regulatory agencies still largely recommend universal supplementation to adults.

Methods And Analysis: We will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials on the efficacy of vitamin D and/or calcium in fracture and fall prevention.

Challenges of Faith Community Nursing in a Midwestern Healthcare System.

Faith community nurses are positioned to play a vital role in addressing whole person health in multiple settings. A steady decline of nurses completing faith community nurse (FCN) training in a midwestern healthcare system sparked the system's hospital leadership to re-evaluate the FCN training and outreach program. To inform future education programs, an online needs assessment survey was deployed to FCNs.

How to make land use policy decisions: Integrating science and economics to deliver connected climate, biodiversity, and food objectives.

Land use change is crucial to addressing the existential threats of climate change and biodiversity loss while enhancing food security [M. Zurek , , 1416-1421 (2022)]. The interconnected and spatially varying nature of the impacts of land use change means that these challenges must be addressed simultaneously [H.

Layer codes.

Quantum computers require memories that are capable of storing quantum information reliably for long periods of time. The surface code is a two-dimensional quantum memory with code parameters that scale optimally with the number of physical qubits, under the constraint of two-dimensional locality. In three spatial dimensions an analogous simple yet optimal code was not previously known.