Ethical issues in brain-computer interface research, development, and dissemination.

The steadily growing field of brain-computer interfacing (BCI) may develop useful technologies, with a potential impact not only on individuals, but also on society as a whole. At the same time, the development of BCI presents significant ethical and legal challenges. In a workshop during the 4th International BCI meeting (Asilomar, California, 2010), six panel members from various BCI laboratories and companies set out to identify and disentangle ethical issues related to BCI use in four case scenarios, which were inspired by current experiences in BCI laboratories.

Radiographic trabecular 2D and 3D parameters of proximal femoral bone cores correlate with each other and with yield stress.

Unlabelled: Radiographic images of bone cores taken from cadaver proximal femora provided two-dimensional parameters of projected trabecular patterns that correlated highly with conceptually equivalent three-dimensional parameters in the same cores. Measurements also highly correlated with yield stress, suggesting that both parameters have similar biomechanical qualities.

Introduction: We compared morphometric measurements of trabecular patterns in two-dimensional (2D) projection radiographic images of cores from cadaver proximal femoral bones with conceptually equivalent measurements from three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (3D microCT) images.

A novel 100 watt high intensity focused ultrasound driving system.

Ultrasound B-Mode imaging systems are often used to image tissues to which High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is being applied. Since HIFU operates at frequencies in the same range as a B-mode imager, the two technologies interfere when they are simultaneously applied to the patient. This causes the imaging window to 'whiteout' and obscure the target region, thus defeating the purpose of using the ultrasonic imager in the first place.

Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage of the knee: comparison between fat-suppressed three-dimensional SPGR imaging, fat-suppressed FSE imaging, and fat-suppressed three-dimensional DEFT imaging, and correlation with arthroscopy.

Purpose: To compare signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) and contrast-to-noise ratios (C/N) in various MR sequences, including fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) imaging, fat-suppressed fast spin echo (FSE) imaging, and fat-suppressed three-dimensional driven equilibrium Fourier transform (DEFT) imaging, and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of these imaging sequences for detecting cartilage lesions in osteoarthritic knees, as compared with arthroscopy.

Materials And Methods: Two sagittal fat-suppressed FSE images (repetition time [TR] / echo time [TE], 4000/13 [FSE short TE] and 4000/39 [FSE long TE]), sagittal fat-suppressed three-dimensional SPGR images (60/5, 40 degrees flip angle), and sagittal fat-suppressed echo-planar three-dimensional DEFT images (400/21.2) were acquired in 35 knees from 28 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

Imaging of the articular cartilage in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: 3D spatial-spectral spoiled gradient-echo vs. fat-suppressed 3D spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging.

Purpose: To compare three-dimensional (3D) spatial-spectral (SS) spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state (SPGR) imaging with fat-suppressed 3D SPGR sequences in MR imaging of articular cartilage of the knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis.

Materials And Methods: MR images of six patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were prospectively examined with a 1.5T MR scanner.